Cosquer Cave :: Place Descriptive Essays

Cosquer CaveIn 1985, while scuba diving in Cape Morgiou, near Marseilles, France, Henri Cosquer discovered a narrow 175-meter, full tunnel 37 meters below the sea (The Cosquer Cave). The tunnel, unbeknownst to him, lead to one of the worlds most treasured Paleolithic art-filled hollows.During the Paleolithic age, Cosquer weaken was much more accessible than it is today. Researchers say that at the times the art was created, the subvert was probably only 11 kilometers from the coast and 80 meters above sea level (Jaobs). Since then, the giant glaciers of the period have melted and the Mediterranean Sea has risen, preserving this magnificent display of ancient art.Oblivious to the historical importance of his find, Cosquer kept the cave secret until a return visit in July of 1991 when he sighted what seemed to be a red, stenciled human hand painted on the side of the cave (Clottes 14). Excited by this discovery, Cosquer invited several fellow divers including Yann Gogan, Jean-C laude Cayol, Pascal Oriol, Cendrine Cosquer, and Thierry Plissier to further examine the cave with him (Clottes 14). The hand, as it turned out, was only the first of almost 142 ancient paintings and engravings that appear on the walls and ceilings of Cosquer cave (Accessing Cosquer Cave).The cave consists of several narrow tunnels, some of which are less than one meter high, and two important chambers that are covered with calcite crystals (Clottes 48). Throughout the cave are finger grooves, which the artists were able to carve into the weather-softened stone walls (Clottes 59).After recording proof of the discovery, Henri Cosquer informed the french Ministry of Culture. They assigned Jean Clottes and Jean Courtin to study the cave for further research.In the last nine years scientists and archaeologists have performed approximately two dozen carbon 14 datings (Jaobs). This makes Cosquer the most extensively dated cave in the world (Accessing Cosquer Cave).Through these tho rough studies, researchers have discovered that the images were created during two separate manikins. The first phase dates around 27,000, and includes the handprints and some geometric designs that were found (Duckeck). After that, there is an 8000 year gap in which no one seems to have used the cave (Jaobs). The s phase is between -19,000 and 18,000. It was in this phase that the animal images were created (Duckeck). Of the images depicted in the cave, over two-thirds are engraved and most are of horses (Duckeck).

The Gothic Features of Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Essay -- Charlott

The Gothic Features of Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte A Gothic novel is a type of literature, which became very popular in the belatedly eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In this time, society was governed by strict moral codes. The Gothics would escape into a world of dark, supernatural and wild passions. The word Gothic meant poisonous and wild and many another(prenominal) writers liked to involve these elements in their novels. Gothic novels were usually set in foreign countries, particularly in Catholic countries in southern Europe, and usually set in the past, in the Middle Ages. Many Gothic novels took place in castles, dungeons and monasteries, and were supernatural and mysterious, involving ghosts and monsters. Gothic novels often follow this pattern a young beautiful girl who is rather helpless with no family, is abducted by a rough, dark villain who imprisons her in his castle. After much danger and accomplishable exploitation, she i s rescued by a good, pleasant young man who falls in love with her. Gothic novels are always very dramatic and mysterious, with a great deal of detailed description and suspense and tension. Charlotte Bronte did not perhaps aim to write a Gothic novel, but she was perhaps influenced by the books and materials she had memorialize as a child. Throughout Jane Eyre, the location and setting are very important. Jane begins at Gateshead with the Reed family, where she is very excluded and isolated. Sympathy is created for Jane as she is thought of as a weak and vulnerable heroine. This I consider to be very Gothic. I was a discord in Gateshead Hall I was like nobody thither. The house is very grand and elaborate w... ...eates, using similes, metaphors and symbolism. However, there are parts where Bronte has changed the typical Gothic novel around. For example, at the meeting of Jane and Mr Rochester. Here it seems that Jane is the hero, and Mr Rochester is the hero ine. This adds contrast and makes it seem more(prenominal) interesting for the reader, as they would it expect Jane to be the heroine, and Mr Rochester the hero. The ending is not to be considered Gothic either, because, although they fall in love at the end, Mr Rochesters mansion is burnt shore and he is blind. This would normally contradict a normal Gothic novel, where everything would end happily.Charlotte Bronte has not completely written a Gothic novel, however Jane Eyre does have many features which could be considered Gothic.Works CitedBronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. New York New American Library, 1997.

Introduction to Macrobiotics Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Paper

Introduction to Macrobiotics Macrobiotics is one of the many alternative diets that has gained popularity in the joined States over the last couple decades. Michio Kushi introduced macrobiotics to New York City in the 1970s. Proponents of macrobiotics contend that it is not merely a diet, but a philosophy that, if properly observed, leave behind ensure emotional, physical, spiritual and mental well-being. Good physical health is necessary before emotional, physical and spiritual wellness can be cultivated. See knowledgeableness for the Macrobiotic Way Macrobiotic theory is based on the ancient Chinese philosophy of yin and yang as interpreted by George Oshawa, a self- proclaimed near in the macrobiotics world. The principle of yin and yang as applied to food creates a spectrum with yin at one end and yang at the other. Whole grains atomic number 18 at the center of the spectrum, and are considered the best food to eat. Drugs are the most yin, with sugar, cheese, fruit, water, nut s, vegetables and beans falling progressively closer to the center of the spectrum. Refined salt is the most yang with eggs, meat, fowl, and fish approaching the mean. The standard macrobiotic diet recommends that 50-60% of calories infer from whole grains, 25-30% from land vegetables, 5-10% from sea vegetables and 5% from soups. and 6% of calories should come from protein. Fat should be avoided. Only foods that are natural and organic should be eaten if at all possible. The macrobiotic diet emphasizes adopting ones diet as seasons and environments change. In spring and summer food that requires less fire in cooking should be eaten. Only in colder months, when food is used as a source of heat, should fire be used in cooking. Therefore, people who live in hot places ... ... build around balance. However, the very essence of a macrobiotic diet deprives an individual of ever achieving a balanced diet. All of the scientific studies advised people on macrobiotic diets to increase the ir consumption of fish, fat and dairy products in order to maintain normal development in children and obtain the proper vitamins and nutrients. Works CitedAmerican Dietetic Association. Position Paper on food and nutrition misinformation on selected topics. Journal of American Dietetic Association. 197466 277-80. Dagnelie P.C., Van Staveren W.A. and Hautvast. Stunting and nutrient deficiencies in children on alternative diets. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1991347 111-118. Dagenlie PC, Van Staveren WA, Klaveren JD and Burema J. Do Children on macrobiotic diets show catch up growth? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988 421007-16.

Essay on Internet Privacy - Carnivore, and the Power Of FBI Surveillanc

Carnivore The Power Of FBI Surveillance Abstract This paper provides an analysis of the privacy issues associated with governmental Internet surveillance, with a focus on the recently disclosed FBI tool known as Carnivore. It concludes that, while some system of surveillance is necessary, more mechanisms to prevent abuse of privacy must exist. parley surveillance has been a controversial issue in the US since the 1920s, when the Supreme Court deemed unwarranted wiretaps legitimate in the guinea pig of Olmstead v United States. Since yell wires ran over public grounds, and the property of Olmstead was not physically violated, the wiretap was upheld as lawful. However, the Supreme Court overturned this ruling in 1967 in the landmark case of Katz v United States. On the basis of the fourth amendment, the court established that individuals have the right to privacy of communication, and that wiretapping is unconstitutional unless it is authorized by a anticipate warrant. Bowyer, 1 42-143 Since then, the right to communication privacy has become accepted as an integral facet of the American deontological code of ethics. The FBI has made an at least perfunctory exploit to respect the publics demand for Internet privacy with its new Internet surveillance system, Carnivore. However, the current implementation of Carnivore unnecessarily jeopardizes the privacy of innocent individuals. There is considerable utilitarian value in extending privacy rights to the Internet. The fear that communication is being monitored by a third party inevitably leads to inefficiency, because individuals feel a need to escort loopholes in the surveillance. For instance, if the public does not feel comfortable with communica... ... best way to establish this balance of power is by requiring the FBI to have the ISPs perform the searches themselves. Works Cited Kevin W. Bowyer. morals And Computing. IEEE Press, New York. 2001. (142-143). Patrick Ross. News.com. http// watchword. cnet.com/news/0-1005-200-2713029.html September 2000 Patrick Riley. Fox News. http//www.foxnews.com/national/071100/carnivore.sml July 11th, 2000 Donald M. Kerr. FBI. http//www.fbi.gov/pressrm/congress/congress00/kerr090600.htm September 6th, 2000 IITRI. http//www.usdoj.gov/jmd/publications/carnivore_draft_1.pdf November 17th, 2000. Thomas C. Greene. The Register http//www.theregister.co.uk/content/6/15591.html December 19th, 2000 Chris Oakes. Wired News. http//www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,37470,00.html July 12th, 2000

Diabetes Mellitus :: essays research papers fc

Diabetes mellitus has a long historical record dating back to second century AD. The word "diabetes" was first used by the Greek physician Aretaeus. The word diabetes means "siphon". It was first used to describe patients with overweening thirst and urination. In the 17th century, the word mellitus, meaning " equal honey", was added when diabetes patients urine was noticed to be sweet. However, the disease is not directly related to urine, but instead to the pancreas. Today many other symptons and complications of the disease atomic number 18 known. Although, the disease has many complications there are also simple treatments to follow to avoid serious problems. Diabetes is a familiar health problem that affects millions of people piece wide.Diabetes results from the failure of the pancreas to produce a sufficient amount of insulin. Insulin is the hormone that regulates the bodys use of glucose. Therefore, the excess gluce remains in the bloodstream and pa sses out the body in urine. In some cases, the pancreas produces a sufficient amount of insulin, but the insulin is blocked from the bodys cells and cannot be used. This causes diabetes patients to have abnormally full(prenominal) amounts of prize in their blood and urine. Diagnosing a patient with diabetes is more complicated than measuring the glucose level of urine only one time. Instead the diagnosis involves several hours of glucose-tolerance tests. These tests measure the rate in which sugar is removed from the bloodstream. After the test are complete, a high glucose level indicates insufficient insulin and the patient is diagnosed with diabetes.There are several symptoms and complications involved with diabetes mellitus. The symptoms are excessive thirst and urination, unusual hunger, a lot of weight loss, and fatigue. The complications are heart attack and stroke, chronic kidney disease, lower-extremity amputations, blindness, and death. Arteriosclerosis is a break caused by prolonged high levels of blood sugar that causes the walls of small blood vessels to thicken. This condition results in heart disease and stroke. Kidney failure may be caused by inadequate blood circulation. despicable circulation in the legs leads to gangrene which may require amputation of the toes or the legs. New cases of blindness in adults between the ages of 20 and 74 are caused by diabetic retinopathy. This condition causes hemorrhages in the capillaries of the eyes retina resulting in a loss of vision. Pain or a loss of feeling in the arms or the legs is caused by neurophathy which damages the nerves.

Diabetes Mellitus :: essays research papers fc

Diabetes mellitus has a long historical record dating foul to second century AD. The word "diabetes" was first used by the Greek physician Aretaeus. The word diabetes means "siphon". It was first used to describe forbearings with high-spirited thirst and urination. In the 17th century, the word mellitus, meaning "like honey", was added when diabetes patients urine was noticed to be sweet. However, the disease is not directly related to urine, besides instead to the pancreas. Today many other symptons and complications of the disease are known. Although, the disease has many complications there are also simple treatments to follow to avoid in force(p) problems. Diabetes is a familiar health problem that affects millions of people world wide.Diabetes results from the stroke of the pancreas to produce a sufficient amount of insulin. Insulin is the hormone that regulates the bodys use of glucose. Therefore, the excess gluce carcass in the bloodstream and p asses out the body in urine. In some cases, the pancreas produces a sufficient amount of insulin, but the insulin is blocked from the bodys cells and cannot be used. This causes diabetes patients to have abnormally high amounts of sugar in their blood and urine. Diagnosing a patient with diabetes is more complicated than measuring the glucose level of urine only one time. preferably the diagnosis involves several hours of glucose-tolerance tests. These tests measure the rate in which sugar is removed from the bloodstream. After the test are complete, a high glucose level indicates insufficient insulin and the patient is diagnosed with diabetes.There are several symptoms and complications involved with diabetes mellitus. The symptoms are excessive thirst and urination, unusual hunger, a lot of weight loss, and fatigue. The complications are heart attack and stroke, degenerative kidney disease, lower-extremity amputations, blindness, and death. Arteriosclerosis is a condition caused by prolonged high levels of blood sugar that causes the walls of small blood vessels to thicken. This condition results in heart disease and stroke. Kidney failure may be caused by inadequate blood circulation. Poor circulation in the legs leads to gangrene which may require amputation of the toes or the legs. New cases of blindness in adults betwixt the ages of 20 and 74 are caused by diabetic retinopathy. This condition causes hemorrhages in the capillaries of the eyes retina resulting in a loss of vision. Pain or a loss of ruling in the arms or the legs is caused by neurophathy which damages the nerves.

Dadaism And Surrealism

Introduction The 19th. Century was an era of invention and discovery. The horrors of the First World state of war led to widespread tender trauma. People found consolation in art and literature, and used it as a way to express their outrage caused by the war. People demented a form of expression that was honest, concreteistic, and critical of political and social behaviors. This Disillusionment following the war manifested itself in a number of ways, sparking artistic, literary, philosophical, musical, and cultural movements.In contrast to pre-war artistic movements, such as Impressionism, post- ar art became bleak and cynical, changing the rules, abandoning tradition. Literature mirrored the artistic movements in exposing the atrocities committed during the world war. close to people were revolted by nationalism and what it had caused so, they began to work towards a more internationalist world through organizations such as the League of Nations. Pacifism became increasingly po pular. Others had the verso reaction, feeling that only military strength could be relied on.Dadaism Dada or Dadaism was a post-World War I cultural movement in visual art as well as literature (mainly poetry), theatre and graphic design. The movement was originated in Zurich and Trace in 1916. This movement was a protest against the barbarity of the War. Its works were characterized by a deliberate irrationality and the rejection of the prevailing standards of art. There was also a rejection of war politics and social organization. Characteristics Dada artworks allow the witness to interpret artworks in a variety of ways.It was an artistic revolt and protest against traditional beliefs of a pro-war society, and also fought against sexism/racism to a lesser degree. It was an anti-war movement created by artists around Europe as a way to express he troubles and traumas within societies affected by the war itself. Influences by Futurism, Cubism and Expressionism Collage Technique of miscue pieces of paper items and including items such as transportation tickets, maps, plastic wrappers, etc. To portray aspects of everyday brio.Photometer Dadaists used scissors and glue rather than paintbrushes and paints to express their views of modern life through images presented by the media. Photometer utilized actual or reproductions of real photographs printed in the press. Key figures Tristan Tsar (1896 1963) was a Romania avian-garden poet, essayist and reference artist. Also wide awake as a Journalist, playwright, literary and art critic, composer and film director, he was cognise best for being one of the founders and central figures of the anti-establishment Dada movement. Hannah Hooch (1889 1978) was a German Dada artist.She was one of the originators of photometer. Francis Pica (1879 1953) was a French painter, poet, and typographic, associated with Cubism, Abstract art, Dada and Surrealism. Surrealism Surrealism is a cultural and artistic movement that b egan in the sasss in Paris. It is best known for its visual artworks and writings. The movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the visual arts, literature, film, and music of many countries and languages, as well as political thought and practice, philosophy, and social theory. The aim was to resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality. Artists developed painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself. The goal of Surrealist artists was not to produce lifelike replications of people or objects, nor were these artists have-to doe with with creating works of delightful abstract beauty to delight the eyes. They were instead focused upon using all forms of art as a meaner to express the real functioning of the human mind. Frauds work with free association, dream analysis, and the unconscious was of utmost importance to the Surrealists in developing methods to liberate imagination.Surrealism in all its forms is highly concerned with dreams and the subconscious mind. Surrealist art does not shy away from shocking, sexual or violent imagery artists within this school actively sought to push the boundaries of what was considered socially acceptable and artistically valid. Surrealist literature Litreturn contained automatism works and accounts of dreams. Examples of Surrealist literature atomic number 18 Artists El Pees-Nerds (1926), Argons Urines Count (1927), Pretests Death to the Pigs (1929), Creels Mr.. Knife Miss class (1931), Shades Headways the Blind Owl (1937), and Bretons Sure la route De San Romano (1948).Surrealist films Early films by Surrealists include Un Chine Nodal by Luis Bundle and Salvador Dali (1929) L?GE door by Bundle and Dali (1930) Music by Surrealists Jazz and blues music were very important during this movement Key figures Salvador Dali was an Spanish painter and filmmaker whose melting alfileria and five- egged stick animals are easily recognized throughout the world. Like the oth er Surrealists, Dali sought to explore the nature of the artists true self by embracing the marvelous, irrational, subconscious areas of the mind.The Persistence of Memory is a painting by the famous Spanish surrealist artist Salvador Dali. The original title of this painting is La persistence De la memoriam and it depicts a fetus-like head lying on the ground, like a fish that was washed ashore and now decaying after a lost struggle gasping for air. There are four watches in this painting, three of which appear to be molten, as if made out of cheese. The only watch whose structure doesnt appear to be malformed remote other watches it is orange in color is sitting on a desk-like object.The ants seem to have found a point of interest in the boil down of the orange watch. It possibly derives its meaning from Sigmund Frauds work on psychoanalysis because Dali painted it during his psychoanalytical era of painting. Interpretation 1 The persistence of memory meaning authorship the d rooping backstretches possibly suggest the irrelevance of time during sleep. In other words, when we are asleep, or not conscious, the time does not persist, but memories do. Interpretation 2 Yet another interpretation of this painting may, through the use of symbolism, suggest Einstein theory that time is relative and is not fixed.Conclusion Art movements are born(p) out of the need for people to express their reactions to social, political and religious changes. Whether they accept them or openly disdain them the goals are equal in velocity To hike their perspective of current changes. In most situations, new movements will gradually appear on the art scene. As the movement grows it will offer the artists an opportunity to explore new philosophies hill extending an invitation for them to enlist among the ranks, adopt some of the ideas or continue to remain loyal to their current trend.The new movement will no doubt meet with resistance from critics and patrons alike, who usuall y perceive the new movement as nothing more than an unsolicited crusade with little or no hope of survival. The artists, on the other hand, adamant that the message conveyed through their art is critical, will continue to push forward with their movement until it gains acceptance or has reached its peak and has nothing new to offer in the way of ideas.

I Believe in Forgiveness Essay

I neer really understood the meaning of multifariousnessness. When mountain stick out me or treat me badly I al guidances thought the best way to consider it is to hold it in. I never showed anger on the outside but just kept it all in. Instead, I let it boil inside of me. My mannikin act toward those who hurt me was a shield from my pain. to the highest degree of my kind act was at my mother. I blamed my birth mother for every relationship I nominate ever been in that send awayed with my pain the rib or me thinking I am just going to be homogeneous my mother and leave him for the next individual.see moreto sneak is human meaningOver the years, her actions and mishaps became the victim for my accept actions. The fact that I have not yet become a divorcee give care her was excuse for her being irresponsible, dishonest, and ungrateful. passim the years of struggle, dysfunctional relationships, and little to no relationship, I hardly took responsibility for any affaire that I had done. I laid all my relationship troubles on my birth mother. I call her my birth mother because I never grew up with her but I have met her from succession to time. She gave me to my dad when I was vii years old because of another man.I blame my relationship trouble on her because she never had a solid relationship for me to learn from. She has been married quadruplet time and the longest have been a year and that was to my dad. Then a few months ago, nearlything shocking happened to me I was in a committed relationship for the premier time in my life. I was so scared I would be just like her or I was going to ruin this wonderful guys life. One night, as I was trying to sleep, thinking about my life, I suddenly became filled with fear. I was convinced I would screw up my life that all my fear of being like her was tarnishing my relationship life.Strangely, while panicking about my life becoming a doom, my mother came to mind. I sat there in the dark, surrounded b y the soothing sounds and smells of my air freshener in my room, and I thought of how my florists chrysanthemum must have blame her mother for the same mind I am blaming her. I knew at that moment that she never intended to hurt me. I realized that talent have been as scared like I am when it comes to commitment just as I am. I knew that she had done the best she could to stay in those relationships, but it was not the right thing to do.I forgave my mother that nightfor all the times she got divorced, embarrassed me, or hurt my father or make me feel like I outhouse never have a relationship because I always think I would end up like her. I forgave her for not being around. I let go of the resentment Id held toward her for so many years. I stopped blaming her. For some reasons maybe my reasons were not very noble. Maybe I was afraid my life would turn out to be just like hers or maybe I efficiency never find that person to regulate down with. Whatever the reason, for the firs t time, I saw my birth mom as a real person.A person with flaws and mistakes. I knew she did not startle from marriage to marriage to hurt me. She got divorced for four times because she was flawed and hurting. I knew that if I did not exonerate her, I would never have the kind of relationship I wanted with my future husband. If I kept blaming her I would never start living my own life. My mom have not asked for my forgiveness shes never acknowledged that shes done anything wrong. But I realized that in forgiving her, what I was really doing was winning responsibility for myself and my own actions for the first time in a long time.Forgiving my mom changed my life. I accepted her for who she was and that set me free. I realized that when we forgive someone it is not for them but for you. After I forgave her it was like a burden was taken off my shoulders. I felt this inner peace that I have never felt before. My relationship with my boyfriend is going good and I dont think or say to myself that I am going to end up like my mother. My eyes are open now to my own failings. I am going to take responsibility for every mistake I make in my relationships and not blame someone for them.And I discovered that forgiving someone is twain an innately spiritual act that brings us adpressed to a higher power, and a uniquely human act that connects people in a way that strengthens us all. Forgiveness is a powerful thing. This I believe. I Believe Essay Draft 1 09/12/12 Word Count 752 The Power of Forgiveness I believe in forgiveness. I never really understood the meaning of forgiveness. When people hurt me or treat me badly I always thought the best way to handle it is to hold it in. I never showed anger on the outside but just kept it all in. Instead, I let it boil inside of me.My kind act toward those who hurt me was a shield from my pain. Most of my kind act was at my mother. I blamed my birth mother for every relationship I have ever been in that I had to end because I feel I am going to hurt him or he is going to hurt me. Over the years, her actions and mishaps became the victim for my own actions. The fact that I have not yet become a divorcee like her was justification for being irresponsible, dishonest, and ungrateful. Throughout years of struggle, dysfunctional relationships, and little to no relationship, I hardly took responsibility for anything that I had done.I laid all my relationship troubles on my birth mother. I call her my birth mother because I never grew up with her but I have met her from time to time. I grew up with my loving stepmother and father. She gave me to my dad when I was seven years old because of another man. I blame my relationship trouble on her because she never had a solid relationship. She has been married four times and the longest have been a year and that was to with my dad. Then a few months ago, something shocking happened to me I was in a committed relationship for the first time in my life.One night, as I was trying to sleep, thinking about my life, I suddenly became filled with fear. I was convinced I would screw up my life that all my fear of being like my mother was tarnishing my relationship life. Strangely, while panicking about my life becoming a doom, my birth mother came to mind. I sat there in the dark, surrounded by the soothing sounds and smells of my air freshener in my room , and I thought of how my birth mom must have blame her mother for the same reason I am blaming her. I knew at that moment that she never intended to hurt me.I realized that might have been as scared like I am when it comes to commitment just as I am. I knew that she had done the best she could to stay in those relationships, but it was not the right thing to do. I forgave my mother that nightfor all the times she got divorced, embarrassed me, or hurt my father or made me feel like I can never have a relationship because I always think I would end up like her. I forgave her for not being around. I l et go of the resentment Id held toward her for so many years. I stopped blaming her.For some reasons maybe my reasons were not very noble. Maybe I was afraid my life would turn out to be just like hers or maybe I might never find that person blame. But whatever the reason, for the first time, I saw my birth mom as a real person. A person with flaws and mistakes. I knew she didnt jump from marriage to marriage to hurt me. She got divorce for four times because she was flawed and hurting. I knew that if I didnt forgive her, I would never have the kind of relationship I wanted with my future husband. If I kept blaming her I would never start living my own life.My mom hadnt asked for my forgiveness shes never acknowledged that shes done anything wrong. But I realized that in forgiving her, what I was really doing was taking responsibility for myself and my own actions for the first time in a long time. Forgiving my mom changed my life. I accepted her for who she was and that set me free . I realized that when we forgive someone it is not for them but for you. My relationship with my boyfriend is going good and I dont think or say to myself that I am going to end up like my birth mother.My eyes are open now to my own failings. And I discovered that forgiving someone is both an innately spiritual act that brings us closer to a higher power, and a uniquely human act that connects people in a way that strengthens us all. Forgiveness is a powerful thing. This I believe. 09/14/12 Process Memo At first I didnt know what I was going to write about so I wrote down some things that I believe in. some examples like family, forgiveness and friendship.I listen to some of the essays on thisibelieve. om and it gave me an idea of what to write. I made a list of who took me so long to forgive them then I chose one and then I chose one. I wrote down things they did that made me not to forgive them. I also wrote down the process it took me to forgive them. I then developed and create d my essay. The workshop in course of study helped a lot from reading other peoples essay it gave me a better idea of how to arrange my paper. My group members gave me nice idea on how to develop and make it more interesting and correct my mistakes. The workshop helped a lot.

Business Communication Essay

To communicate with well-nigh separates, to convince and to find the compromise, to listen and speak those ar what the disembodied spirit consists of and the wrinkle life especi completelyy. Without those incessantlyy finis(predicate)-important(a) skills no success may be reached, and people gain these skills and improve them during their whole life. I think no remains sewer remain inattentive to the relations between people, their behaviour and their psycheity. It is no motion who are you the music director of giant corporation or, lets say, a low-paid employee in a subatomic office if you are involved into few kind of job operation and pay some goals and wishes you are compelled to live with a deal with others, without possibility to nucleotide out from communion.Business parley involves exchange of protestation within an transcriptional setup. It is a continuous process. The more than than the line of products expands, the greater is the pressure on the argumentation to find more effective means of communication both with the employees and with the society at large. Business communication is both indite and oral. compose communication is important to fix accountability and responsibility of people in organization. This requires more of write communication (much of paper work). E verything should be communicated in written form by the manager to the people in the organization.Written depicted objects screw be saved for proximo references and stool non be denied. Written communication has great significance in todays vocation world. It is an innovative activity of the mind. rough-and- expressy written communication is essential for preparing worthy promotional materials for trade schooling. Speech came before paternity. But physical composition is more unique and clod than speech. Effective writing involves careful choice of wrangling, their organization in correct order in sentences formation as well as cohes ive composition of sentences. Also, writing is more valid and reli adequate to(p) than speech. But while speech is spontaneous, writing ca phthisiss delay and takes time as feedback is not immediate.The physical object of this line of credit paper is written business communication.The subject is grammatical and stylistic peculiarities of business written interaction.The aim is to explore the peculiarities of business communication in entire meaning in order to understand each(prenominal) the peculiarities of such type of communication and its necessity in modern world.In accordance with the aim of investigating the following tasks were set To define the concept of business communication To analyze the close to frequent types of written business communication and to explore them To subscribe lingual and sociocultural peculiarities of the fashion of business documents.Chapter ICharacteristic Features of Business parley1. Functional Styles and their ClassificationFunctiona l modes of oral communication are a system of be phraseology means which serves a definite aim in communication. Functional ardours are thus to be regarded as the product of a certain cover task set by the vector of the massage. Functional Styles awaits mainly in the literary standard of a expression. The literary standard of the English language, like that of whatsoever(prenominal) other developed language, is not so homogeneous as it may seem. In fact the standard literary English language in the course of its development has fallen into some(prenominal)(prenominal) subsystems each of which has acquired its own peculiarities which are typical of the given useful style.The members of the language community, especially those who are sufficiently trained and antiphonary to language variations, recognize these styles as independent wholes. The peculiar choice of language means is primarily predetermined by the aim of the communication with the result that a more or less closed system is built up. One set of language media stands in opposition to other sets of language media with other aims, and these other sets have other choices and arrangements of language means. Functional styles are also called registers or discourses. In the standardliterary English we distinguish the following major social functional styles are distinguished1. The language of belles earns.2. The language of publicistic literature.3. The language of newspapers.4. The language of scientific prose.5. The language of official documents.As it has already been mentioned, functional styles are the product of the development of the written variety of language. Each functional style may be characterized by a number of distinctive features, leading or subordinate, constant or changing, obligatory or optional. Most of the functional styles however, are perceived as independent wholes due to a peculiar combination and interrelation of features popular to all (especially when taking i nto account syntactical arrangement) with the leading ones of each functional style.Each functional style is subdivided into a number of substyles. Each variety has basic features gross to all the varieties of the given functional style and peculiar features typical of this variety a long. Still a substyle can, in some cases, deviate so far from the invariant that in its extreme it may even break away. We all the way perceive the following substyles of the fire functional style given above. The belles-lettres functional style is subdivided intoa) the language style of poetryb) the language style of emotive prosec) the language style of drama.The publicistic functional style comprises the following substylesa) the language style of oratoryb) the language style of essaysc) the language style of feature expressions in newspapers and journals. The newspaper functional style falls intoa) the language style of brief news items and communiquesb) the language style of newspaper headings c) the language style of notices and advertisements.The scientific prose functional style also has three divisionsa) the language style of humanitarian sciencesb) the language style of exact sciencesc) the language style of popular scientific prose.The official document functional style can be divided into four varietiesa) the language style of diplomatic documentsb) the language style of business documentsc) the language style of legal documentsd) the language style of military documents.The compartmentalization presented here(predicate) is by no means arbitrary. It is the result of long and minute observations of factual material in which not only peculiarities of language usage were taken into account but also extralinguistic data, in fussy the purport of the communication. The classification of functional styles is not a simple matter and any discussion of it is bound to reflect more than one angle of vision. Thus, for example, some stylicists consider that newspaper articles (including feature articles) should be classed under the functional style of newspaper language, not under the language of publicistic literature. otherwises insist on including the language of unwashed life discourse into the system of functional styles. Prof. Budagov prattleles out only two main functional styles the language of science and that of emotive literature. It is inevitable, of course, that any classification should lead to some kind of simplification of the facts classified, because items are considered in isolation. More over, sub-styles assume, as it were, the aspect of closed systems. But no classification, useful though it may be from the theoretical betoken of view, should be allowed to blind us as to the conventionality of classification in general.1.2 Peculiarities of the Style of Official DocumentsThe style of official documents aims at establishing, developing and controlling business relations between individuals and organizations. Like their styles of language, this style has a definite communicative aim and, accordingly, has its own system of interrelated language and stylistic means. The main aim of this type of communication is to aver the conditions binding two parties in an undertaking. These parties may be this state and a citizen, or citizen and citizen a society and its members (statute or ordinance) two or more enterprises or bodies (business correspondence orcontracts) two or more governments (pacts, treaties) a mortal in license and a subordinate (order, regulations, instructions, authoritative directives) a board or presidium and an assembly or general meeting (procedures acts, minutes).The aim of communication in this style of language is to reach agreement between two contracting parties. Even protest against violations of statutes, contracts, regulations, can also be regarded as a form by which normal cooperation is sought on the basis of antecedently attained concordance.The almost general function of the styl e of official documents predetermines the peculiarities of the style. The most striking, though not the most essential feature, is a special system of clichs, terms and set expressions by which each sub-style can well be recognized. For example I beg to inform you, provisional agenda, the above mentioned, on behalf of, private advisory, Pear Sir, we remain, your obedient servantsIn fact, each of the subdivisions of this style has its peculiar terms, phrases and expressions, which differ from the corresponding terms, phrases and expressions of other variants of this style. Thus in finance we find terms like extra revenue, taxable capacities liability to profit fax. Terms and phrases like high contracting parties, to ratify an agreement, memorandum, protectorate, extra territorial reserve status will immediately brand the utterance as diplomatic.In legal language, examples are to deal with a case, summary procedure a body of judges as laid down in. Like wise, other varieties of off icial language have their special nomenclature, which is conspicuous in the text and therefore easily discernible as belonging to the official language style. Besides the special nomenclature characteristic of each variety of the style, there is a feature common to all these varieties the use of abbreviations, conventional symbols and contractions, for exampleLtd Limited,B/E bill of exchange,Gvt government,Appx appendix,$ dollar, poundWords with emotive meaning are not to be build in the style of official documents. Even in the style of scientific prose some words may be plant which reveal the attitude of the generator, his individual evaluation of the facts and events of the issue. But such words are not to be found in official style, except those which are apply in business garner as conventional phrases of greeting or close, as skilful Sir, yours faithfully. Almost every official document has its own compositional design. Pacts and statutes, orders and minutes, notes and memoranda all have more or less definite forms, and it will not be an exaggeration to state that the form of the document is itself informative, inasmuch as it tells something about the matter dealt with (a garner, an agreement, an order)Chapter IIPeculiarities of Written Interaction2.1 Types of Written Business CommunicationWritten communication involves any type of interaction that makes use of the written word. Communication is a key to any endeavor involving more than one person. Communicating through writing is essential in the modern world and is becoming ever more so as we participate in what is this instant commonly called the entropy age. In fact, written communication is the most common form of business communication. It is essential for small business owners and managers to develop effective written communication skills and to encourage the same(p) in all employees. The randomness age has altered the ship canal in which we communicate and placed an increasing em phasis on written versus oral communication theory. The ever-increasing use of computers and computer networks to organize and transmit information means the engage for competent writing skills is rising. Dr. Craig Hogan, a former university professor who now heads an online school for business writing, stupefys hundreds of inquiries each month from managers and executives requesting help with improving their own and their employees writing skills.Dr. Hogan explains, in an article entitled What Corporate America Cant Build ASentence, that millions of people previously not indispensable to do a visual sense of writing on the job are now expected to write frequently and rapidly. According to Dr. Hogan, many of them are not up to the task. electronic mail is a party to which English teachers have not been invited. It has companies tearing their hair out. Survey results from The National Commission on Writing study back up this assessment. They found that a third of employees in the nations blue chip companies write poorly and are in pauperism of remedial writing instruction.The need to develop good writing skills is only highlighted by the fact that in the information age, it is not uncommon to have business relationships with customers and suppliers that are established and well-kept exclusively through the use of written communications. In this environment, the words we write are very real representations of our companies and ourselves. We must be sure that our netmail messages are sending the right messages about us, explained Janis Fisher Chan, author of E-Mail A Write It Well Guide-How to Write and Manage E-Mail in the Workplace, in an article appearing in Broker Magazine.The key to communication, of course, is to convey meaning in as accurate and concise a manner as possible. People do not read business memoranda for the pleasure of reading. They do so in order to receive instructions or information upon which to base decisions or take action. in that respectfore, highly literary prose is not desirable in business writing. Overly formal prose may also be counterproductive by look stand-offish or simply wordy. A style of writing that is too informal can also convey an unintended message, namely that the subject matter is not serious or not taken seriously by the sender. A straightforward, courteous tone is normally the best choice but one that may not come naturally without practice.Advantages and disadvantages of written communicationWritten communication has great significance in todays business world. It is an innovative activity of the mind. Effective written communication is essential for preparing worthy promotional materials for business development. Speech came before writing. But writing is more unique and formal than speech. Effective writing involves careful choice of words, their organization in correct order in sentences formation as well as cohesive composition of sentences. Also, writing is more valid and reli ablethan speech. But while speech is spontaneous, writing causes delay and takes time as feedback is not immediate.Written forms of communication have several advantages and disadvantages. One advantage is that written messages do not have to be delivered on the spur of the moment instead, they can be edited and revised several times before they are sent so that the content can be shaped to maximum effect. Another advantage is that written communication provides a permanent wave record of the messages that have been sent and can be saved for later study. Since they are permanent, written forms of communication also enable recipients to take more time in reviewing the message and providing appropriate feedback. For these reasons, written forms of communication are often considered more appropriate for complex business messages that include important facts and figures.Other benefits commonly associated with good writing skills include increased customer/client satisfaction improved in ter organizational efficiency and enhanced image in the community and industry. There are also several potential pitfalls associated with written communication, however. For instance, unlike oral communication, wherein impressions and reactions are exchanged instantaneously, the sender of written communication does not generally receive immediate feedback to his or her message.This can be a source of frustration and uncertainty in business situations in which a swift reply is desired. In addition, written messages often take more time to compose, both because of their information-packed nature and the elusivey that many individuals have in composing such correspondence. Many companies, however, have taken a proactive stance in approaching the latter issue. Mindful of the large number of workers who struggle with their writing abilities, some firms have begun to offer on-site writing courses or enrolled employees in business writing workshops offered by professional training orga nizations, colleges, and community education programs.2.2 Business earns, their Types and ComponentsBusiness communication is a permanent means of communication and is much easier understanding then oral means of communication. Good written communication contributes to success of an organization. It helps inbuilding goodwill of an organization. Written business communication includes garners, memoranda, agenda, manuals, reports etc. 1. Business Letters A very large part of the business of the world is conducted by means of correspondents. Therefore it is super important to be able to write good business earns garners that represent ones self and ones organization to best advantage. Writing good business earn is a matter of detailed and often quite specialized technique, which is not so complicated as you may have been let to fear. All you need is a supply of visiting cards, some good paper, a pen, a computer and a dinky good will. It must have a good appealing layout. The co ntent of the earn should be clear in mind of the writer.The letter must be divided into paragraphs. It must have subject written and should be enclosed in an envelope. It should be surely used for future reference. It should be carefully written as it has an impact on goodwill of the organization. Examples of Business garner are sales letters, information letters, problem letters etc. 2. Memoranda Memos are generally short means of written communication within an organization. They are used to convey specific information to the people within an organization. 3. Reports A report is hustling after lot of investigation. Whatever observations are do, an account of them is written in the report. Reports are important for analyzing the performance of the organization. It helps in taking important decisions within an organization.4. docket Agenda is an outline about all the contents of the meeting. It tells what is the procedure of the meeting and where are the participants heading. While designing an agenda one should be very specific. designing an agenda beforehand helps the people to come prepared for the meeting. 5. Electronic Mail. Electronic mail, commonly known as email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Todays email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously they need connect only briefly, typically to an email server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages.The most popular type of written business communication is letter. Letter writing is an art. A letter on one topic can be written in different styles with the help of various formats. Writing a letter is a difficult task for some because of format used for writing. The letter has to have following separate. They are figure, name and address of sender and receiver, salutation, main body and panegyric closure. When all these parts are combined together then you will get a well drafted letter. Writing as well as receiving a letter is always special. A Letter is a platform where you can express your innermost feelings in a straightforward manner. Business letters and face-to-face letters are two types of letters. For all official and formal situations, you write business letter whereas letters written to friends, relatives, acquaintances are personal letters.Both follow the same format only the difference lies in the language used for writing. In business letters, formal language is used and situations discussed are work related. In personal letters language is informal and you discuss personal and intimate topics. A commercial business letter is a letter written in formal language, usually used when writing from one business organization to another, or for correspondence between such organizations and their customers, clients and other external parties.The overall style of letter will depend on the relationship between the parties concerned. There are many reasons to write a business letter. It could be to request direct information or action from another party, to order supplies from a supplier, to identify a mistake that was committed, to reply at once to a request, to apologize for a wrong or simply to convey goodwill. Even in our modern days, the business letter is still very useful because it produces a permanent record, is confidential, formal and delivers persuasive, well-considered messages The most common types of business letter include1. Acknowledgement Letter This type of letter is written when you want to acknowledge some one for his help or stand when you were in trouble. The letter can be used to just say thank for somethi ng you have received from some one, which is of great help to you. 2. Apology Letter An apology letter is written for a failure in delivering the desired results. If theperson has taken up a task and he fails to meet the set then he apologizes and asks for an opportunity to improve in this type of letter. 3. Appreciation Letter An appreciation letter is written to appreciate some ones work in the organization. This type of letter is written by a superior to his junior. An organization can also write an appreciation letter to other organization, thanking the client for doing business with them.4. Complaint Letter A complaint letter is written to show one that an error has occurred and that needs to be corrected as soon as possible. The letter can be used as a document that was used for warning the reader. 5. Inquiry Letter The letter of doubtfulness is written to inquire about a product or service. If you have ordered a product and yet not received it then you can write a letter to inquire when you will be receiving it. 6. Order Letter This letter is as the name suggests is used for ordering products. This letter can be used as a legal document to show the transaction between the customer and vendor. 7. Letter of Recommendation This type of letter is written to recommend a person for a job position. The letter states the positive aspects of the applicants personality and how he/she would be an asset for the organization. Letter of recommendation is even used for promoting a person in the organization. There are several points that will help one in drafting a business letter Make sure that you type the letter. It should not be handwritten. Always use a letter head to write a formal letter. If you tiret have a letter head, then type your name, designation and address at the top of the page. Mentioning the date in a letter is a must as it serves the purpose of reference in further letter regarding the same topic. After the date, you need to write the full name, designation and full address of the recipient. Then you need to insert greeting to the person whom the letter is written. You have to use formal language. Take a look at this example skinny Mr. Brown, Now, you can actually begin to write the main message of the letter. In the first paragraph, you have to introduce yourself if the receiver does not know you. You could begin with a sentence like We had recently met in a conference, or I had purchased a SIP from your company two months back. After that you have to clearly mention the purpose of the letter. The purpose maybe to lodge a complaint, request for information, compliment a product or service provided, discussing a business deal etc. You have to be brief and precise. In the end of the letter, you have a complimentary close. The words that are included Sincerely, thanking you, regards, etc. The last thing is you need to type your name and sign the letter. The letter should be printed in a readable font.Business lett er has a specific format. The letter is different from other forms of communication because of the format in which it is presented. The letter has a beginning, middle and an ending. All the areas of the letter have to be organized logical so that the letter is clear, complete and cohesive. A letter has different parts. All the parts have to be neatly drafted so that a meaningful letter is created. The keep mum format is the most popular format of the business letter where all the matter is aligned to the left side and uses single spacing. The letter includes the following parts Letterhead The formal business letter should always begin with letterhead. Every organization has a letterhead used for all official correspondence. One have to begin the letter on the letter head of the company. The letter head gives the receiver an idea about who has sent the letter. Date The date has to be written exactly on a lower floor the letter head. The date is important part of a letter and can be used as a reference. The date has to be written in full with day, month and year. For example 25 December 2011 or December 20, 2011 Receivers Address The next important part is the receivers address. One need to include the name of the receiver, his designation and complete address. The inside address and the address on the envelope should always be same. Salutation This is the interruption line of the letter. It should begin with a greeting. In a formal business letter, one need to write dear followed by Mr./Ms with his or her name. It looks unprofessional, when a writer includes only the first name of the person. Body In the first line itself, a writer has to mention the message of his letter. The letter should be able to convey the message directly to the reader. The letter has no place for unnecessary words. It has to be concise but informative. The letter should consist of paragraphs. Each new point should have separate paragraph. The last paragraph should sumup the letter and ask the receiver to do an action based on the letter. Complimentary gag rule In the end of the letter one have to use complimentary close. One can use words like Yours faithfully, Yours sincerely. comma has to be included after the close. A writer has to insert his/her full name at the end leaving few spaces to sign the letter. After this is through with(p) a writer can include the enclosures.Stylistic and Lexical Peculiarities of Business LetterThe layout of the business letter differs in some respect from that of the personal letter. not only the senders address is given (as in personal letter) but also the name and address of the person or organization to which the letter is being send. This is written on the left-hand side of the page against the margin slightly lower than the date (which is on the opposite side). It should be the same as the name and address on the envelope. A letter written to a man should be add reseed to, for example, Mr. D. Smith or to D. Smith Esq . (Esquire). A letter to a woman, should be addressed to, for example, Mrs. C. Jones or Mrs. C. Jones. If you do not know the name of the person for from your letter is intended you may address it directly to the company, e.g. The Branded Boot Co. Ltd.,5 Rubberheel Road,Wellingborough,Northants,England.Co. and Ltd. Are the usual abbreviations for Company and Limited. However its better to address your letter to some individual The Managing Director, the Personnel Manager, The Secretary, The showtime Manager, The Export Manager followed by the name of the company. If the person you are writing to is known to you, you should begin with, for example, Dear Mr. Thompson, Dear Mrs. Warren, etc. Otherwise you should begin Dear Sir (S), Dear Madam, or Gentlemen.The body of the business letter usually includesa) Reference,b) Information,c) Purpose,d) Conclusion.You should begin your letter with a reference to a letter you have received, an advertisement you have seen, or an even which has prompted the writing of your letter. It is sometimes necessary to add some detailed information related to the reference, in a subsequent paragraph. The generally authentic way of writing the data is the following October 17,200__17 October,200__October 19th ,200__19th October,200__The subject line is typed immediately below the salutation in the center. It helps to ensure that the letter is passed without delay to the right person or department Dear Sir,Your order 0072/98Purpose is the most important part of the letter, where you are expected to state clearly and concisely all the questions that you have been asked. As business letter are written on behalf of a firm, use we and our instead of my and I. Do not use the short forms well ,weve in all formal and business letters. Extra spacing is used between paragraphs to separate different points more effectively. approximate to use short sentences and short paragraphs because it is easier to read and understand . Conclusion usua lly consists of some polite remark to round the letter off. Then usually follows the complimentary close. If you begin your letter with Dear Sir (s) or Dear Madam you may and it with the words Your faithfully. If you address a person by name the words Yours sincerely are preferable.There is a modern tendency however to use Yours sincerely even to people you have never met. The signature sing you name clearly, in full, as it should appear on the envelope of the letter addressed to you. If there are enclosures, the word Encl is typed at the bottom left-hand corner, with a short description of the enclosure. The postscript (P.S.) should be avoided. But sometimes it has a definite, planned function. It is designed to draw special attention, to empha coat apoint made elsewhere in letter, or to make a special offer. Sometimes it may serve as a reply to a further letter that has come in after the letter had been completed.2.3 Modern Means of Business CommunicationPeople have always tried to convey information. Now, they send letters and documents by post, by fax, by computer and they make phone calls from home or the office or, thanks to mobile phones, from wherever they happen to be. The list of services, thanks to advanced technology, is long and presumably will grow. People can phone and fax from trains and planes. They can buy things, carry out financial transactions, get information all without leaving their chairs. This is the global information age. The worldwide computer network known as the Internet connects millions of people worldwide. It connects many computer networks and uses common addressing system. The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Using e-mail, you can send messages to anyone with an internet account.Most businesses today have electronic address because e-mail provides cheap and rapid communication. Since the mid-1990s electronic commerce has become one of the most rapidly growing retail sectors involving the use of computer telecommun ication networks for maintaining business relationships and selling information, services and commodities. Although e-commerce usually refers only to the trading of goods and services over the Internet, it actually includes broader economic activity such as business-to-consumer and business-to-business commerce as well as internal organizational transactions that support these activities.A new form of collaboration known as a virtual company is flourishing now. This type of company is actually- a network of firms, each performing some of the processes needed to manufacture a product or deliver a service. E-mail is cheap and easy to use. E-mail is the transmission and distribution of information through personal computers linked to the telephone system, which allows subscribers to send a message directly to another subscriber that will appear in their electronic mail box. Computer use continues to grow and develop in all spheres of our life. Its applications have had a great impact o n the business world. Computers have helped society by increasing productivity and simplifying many services, such as checking,credit cards, and telephone service.Electronic MailOnce a person gets comfortable with e-mail, it may seem like the only communication method needed. However, written media are preferred and necessary in many cases as previously described.In many ways, e-mail messages are formatted and look similar to memos. Most of the e-mail heading portion is quite simple, most of it being handled by the e-mail program itself. The address of the recipient is filled in addresses for those to receive copies are filled in and a brief phase indicating the contents or purpose is added. After typing in the body of the message, an additional formatting element to add to a professional e-mail communications is a signature. require a signature containing your full name, title, company name, e-mail addresses, regular mailing address, telephone number, and other such detail. As for style in e-mail messages, here are some suggestions1. Typos and Mistakes. There is some controversy about how much to worry about writing mistakes in e-mail. Except for very formal electronic communications, most people disregard or even expect occasional writing glitches in the e-mail they send or receive. However, e-mail messages can be proofread and edited as easily as most other written documents. Sloppiness in writing can become a severeness habit.2. Formality. The tone of e-mail communications is generally informal. E-mail messages are normally rather short, for example, under a dozen lines, and the paragraphs are short as well. No one likes having to do a lot of extended reading on a computer screen.3. Specific Subject Lines. If you want your e-mail to be read and have the impact you intend, make the subject line specific and compel ling. It is not uncommon for people to log-in and find 50 messages waiting.4. Format. Whenever possible, break the message into paragraphs of l ess than six or seven lines and skip an extra line between them. Use only the characters on the keyboard anything else may not format right on when the recipient views it. Use headings to identify and mark off the various subtopics. If there is a series of points, use the various forms of lists that are available.5. Automatic Replies. The reply function in e-mail is a wonderful time-saver. However, e-mail is often addressed to multiple recipients. Know for sure that you want all listed recipients to receive the message. Particularly be careful with replying to group list-serves. It can be highly embarrassing for a sensitive message to go to unintended parties. Thus, sensitive topics probably should not be discussed via e-mail. Remember that e-mail can be quickly forwarded to a huge audience.MemorandaA memorandum can be used for most communications internal to an organization with the exception of possibly a full formal report. A memo might contain a status or move on report on a p roject it might be a request to an employee to provide information or it might be the employees response to a request for information. Thus, a memo can be very much like a business letter, or it can be very much like a short report. The key is the memorandum format. The memo format is commonly used for win reports that are required in some engineering courses at ASU. These progress reports in memo format may have attachments as with a business letter. If longer than one page, memo progress reports should have subheading to help organize and present the information.For example, a progress report on a design project might have subheadings for an introduction, accomplishments, future work, and problems.The main header words in the memorandum format are usually in al l capital letters and are now commonly shown in bold type for appearance.1. MEMO Heading. In most cases, the word MEMORANDUM is placed at the top, center of the first page. The font size is usually slightly larger than tha t of the text and other header words, and some provide a space between each letter of the word.2. DATE Heading. The date used for the memo should be somewhere in the header. The example shown by Figure No. 3 shows the date as the first line, but in some designs, it may be a subsequent line.3. TO Heading. The name of the recipient or the group name is shown following the TO heading. Use appropriate names and titles, such as Susie, Susie Jacques, or Mrs. Susie Jacques, Executive Secretary, depending on your familiarity with the recipient and the formality of the situation.4. COPIES Heading. If copies are sent to others, this heading should also be used. List the names and titles of those receiving copies of the memo.5. FROM Heading. The senders name or the name of the group is placed on this line. The familiarity with the recipient and the sense of the formality dictate how the sender is addressed. In many organizations, the writer of the memo places their initials or first name just after the typed name.6. SUBJECT Heading. A brief phrase that encapsulates the topic and purpose of the memo is placed in this space. Generally, the first letter of each word in the phrase is capitalized, and there is no punctuation at the end. The actual label for this element varies some styles use RE or SUBJMost of the rules that apply to business letters also apply to the body of a memo. For example, text should be single spaced with pronged spacing between paragraphs. In more formal styles of memoranda, writers actually insert the same kind of complimentary close and signature block as used forbusiness letters. For continuing pages, some type of header is appropriate with the name of the recipient, date, and page number shown.ConclusionSo, we defined the concept of business communication and we can surely say, that it takes a huge part in our life. Business communication is very important for every businessman, because communication with business partners, employees, clients is the ground of their success. Written communication is more frequently used type of communication in business life. An exceptional business writing skill is very important in any type of business. Clients frequently base the companys credibility on the quality of their business communications. These people tend to have negative view of businesses that disperse written materials with errors or businesses that use vague phrases and misspell names.Written communication allows businesses to communicate developments, expectations and legalities to employees and contacts in the outside world. While traditional hard copies of written communication in business are still prevalent, email and online communication has become increasingly common. In this course paper we studied and described the peculiarities of business writing letters, e-mail, memoranda. We clarified the main structural parts of business writing documents, which always are bound by certain accepted standards. Good business letter must be well-planed and built. It is very important to follow the standardized structure of the letter and corresponding language.

Managerial Behavior Essay

Manager is anyone who responsible for the work of other people. Stewart (1988) defines double-decker as those above a authoritative level in the hierarchy, usu completelyy those above foreman level on the works side and those above the first level of supervision in the offices. managerial behaviour is the behaviour that can be reported, whether from observation by others or by self-reports. Managerial objective is the aim that a manager of a crocked takes to achieve. In perfect markets a proper managerial objective is to maximize its firms market value.The powers of the managerial behaviour argon by no operator unconstrained. On one hand they argon constrained by the shargonholder, involuntary mintover, and by the debt market through threat of capital starvation tour on the other hand they be constrained by the ever present force of competition in product markets and its managerial labour market. function of music there are significant differences among countries, manager ial constraints are ineffective and managerial objectives predominate.The first constraint in managerial behaviour is coming from the share holders. The debate is that, dispersed ownership in large firms increases the principal-agent job due to asymmetric information and managers are subjected to bounded rationality.Because the contracts between managers and shareholders are unavoidably incomplete as future contingencies are hard to describe, shareholders must monitor managers. However, the cost of monitoring tends to be really expensive and when the equity is widely dispersed, shareholders do non experience appropriate incentives to monitor managers since it is often that managers have better information and are more knowledgeable. The common solution is by appointing the Board of Director with the fiduciary contract to look out for the best of their interest and monitor managers. Neverthe slight, this is only partially successful since in most cases the Board of Directors is to a fault in the steering.One way of life to align manager is by introducing Management Remuneration Schemes. This is non only to motivate managers to work harder or guarantee them acompetitive salary, but a way of getting them to work in the interests of the owners. The net scheme is the signal of owner expectations from management and can be divided to Cash-Based which includes writ of execution-related and profit-related, and Share Ownership or Share-Value-Based. The argument for cash-based incentives is that it provides motivation for effort and cooperation to maximize results for the firm, and that it is right-hand(a) for morale if managers get more when profits are total. However, the disadvantage is that, it transfers part of the risks of a firm to the managers, who if they are risk-averse might prefer incomes which were smaller on average, but safer. Among the share-based systems, the most common are stock options. Stock options are long-term incentives, normally sup plementing improvident-term schemes alike(p) performance- related pay. Nevertheless, when managers are subjected to stock options compensation, they are most likely to focus more on their stock returns.The effect in shareholders control to manager is diverse among countries. For cooperative system in European countries, constraints on managers are not only coming from the owners, but in like manner from other stakeholders such as employees, customers, suppliers and the local anesthetic community. Therefore, managerial behaviour is highly constraint in this region. Unlike in the Europe, the concept of the stakeholder firm that emphasize cooperative labour relations was largely snub by US and UK whereby shareholders are the only residual income claimants and risk bearers in a firm (Fitzroy 1998). In the UK and US, maximization of shareholder value is generally regarded as the only legitimate goal of the firm through stock-options or bonus payment which transmits to high basic s alary and other payments. Hence manager of a larger firm not would prefer to be risk-averse preferably that achieving profit-maximizing and would intend to pursue operations that are subjected to lesser risk as they had already received high incomes (Fitzroy 1998). In addition, for a large smart set with dispersed ownership structure, shareholders have little incentive to discipline the management to act in their interest due to free-rider problem.The second constraint that is being used by the owner for disciplining management and correcting managerial failure is the takeover mechanism whichresulted in the downsize of multi-sector conglomerates. Managers will wish to have certain amount of net profits to distribute as dividends in order to keep their shareholders satisfied with the firms performance. Unsatisfied shareholders may either replace the manager or attempt to sell their shares causing share devaluation and encouraging hostile take over conjure up (Moschandreas 2000).M eanwhile, the manager wants to keep their jobs and will try to increase the costs of takeover to the potential bidder is decreasing in takeover costs which mean the higher the take over cost, the more unlikely the firm to be take over and therefore the managers will have higher job security.Countries differ dramatically in the ease and frequency of takeovers which arises not only from differences in the regulatory framework underlying takeovers but also from cultural and historical attitudes towards takeovers. As for equity-based countries like US and UK, with dispersed ownership, take-over threat is higher caused by devaluation of shares as bidders are oft feasible to raise large sums of money. Besides, there are also difficulties in manager entrenchment and higher liquidity in secondary markets which facilitates transfer of large blocks of voting shares has also made take over threat more feasible. On the other hand, in the bank-based countries, take over mechanism is unlikely to work because the cooperative society usually accommodates their majority of the shares. For example, in German and lacquer are virtually unknown because of the concentrated ownership and long-term relationship investing by banks, the manager is entrenched and takeovers are ineffective in disciplining him.Creditors which are in the main banks are another type of constraint in managerial behaviour. By pooling the resources of many depositors and lending to many firms, creditor can hold a substantial piece of a firms debt giving banks incentives to monitor. In most cases, manager issues bank debt in order to raise capital. The controlling effect of debt is firstly that, as it is normally granted for a relatively short period, management must make a real effort to find productive ways of direct in order to amortize the loan, and secondly, if the company is unable to meet its debts, the creditors havethe right to apply for bankruptcy and realise the loan guarantees.The cost of moni toring by banks differs across economies as countries differ widely in regulatory regime applicable to the banking system. Japan and European systems are typically bank-based and owner concentrated, where as American ones rely on the stock market and dispersed ownership. The differences are due to legislation, the nature of financing and also partly to social attitudes. Since the creditor-depositor relationship is closer, banks in these Japan and European countries also have lower cost of bank monitoring. Therefore, manager in these region are much more constraint by their creditors. However, unstrict profound systems in concentrated ownership will offer a lot of discretion to the manager, allows him to make project choices which are in his best interests, for example the choices which deal out him with larger private benefits.On the other hand, US and UK have legal restrictions on corporate shareholding and are tends to have external relationship with the depositor which has lead to problem such as asymmetric information in the Principal-Agent relationship. The environment in US and UK is not conducive to bank monitoring are regarded as having a high cost of bank monitoring. However, in dispersed ownership, monitor through creditors is ineffective since manager will adhere to the bank debt only if his private benefits are much lesser than the benefits that he will get from commitment with the bank debt. In addition, they would rather prefer to be risk-averse than undertake any risky decisions.The undermentioned constraint on managerial behaviour is due to product market competition. accord to Leibenstein (1966), there may be a substantial amount of X-efficiency if yield markets are perfectly competitive because manager would normally work harder and more effective. Contrarily, in situations where competitive pressure is light, manager will trade the disutility of greater effort, or search for the utility of feeling less pressure and of better interpersona l relations. In addition, Schmidt (1997) stated that, when the product market for managers is tough, an increase in competition is less likely to also increase in incentive schemes. He argues that increased competition reduces the firms profit, which induces the manager to work harder for a cost simplification in order to avoid liquidation.Nevertheless, rising of product market power will also increased the managerial discretion because manager has more negotiate power and will takes this opportunity to pay more attention on change magnitude their incentives rather than committing themselves to maximize the firms profit. Plus, in order to retain its competitiveness, a company will invest in long-term product development, but managers are actually more concern on their own short-term-less-risk goals rather than long-term ones that would lead them to pursue their own objectives instead.Product market competition is also different among countries. For instance, competition between i ndividual is stronger in the US than in UK as in the US, the inefficient manager will be fired more readily. In the latter, incompetent but long-service managers in a large company used to be kicked upstairs and given jobs with a high-sounding title but which did not let them handicap the firms efficiency (Stewart 1985).The twenty percent constraint in managerial behaviour can be classified as the managerial labour market. In managerial labour market, managers are best-loved to be associated with good performance because this would allow them to earn a good reputation. Additionally, they have also found that executive cash compensation and precede management turnover are strongly performance-sensitive. Top executive turnover is shown to serve as a disciplinary mechanism punishment for corporate underperformance whereas compensation rewards good performance and will provide strong managerial incentives to seek superior corporate performance in the subsequent periods.This type of ma nagerial constraint is someways ineffective in controlling managerial behaviour since manager would not want to commit to any risky projects because their decision might disrupt their good labour market and therefore will affects their incentives.Since all of the managerial constraints are ineffective in controlling the managers, they will tend to pursue their own objectives which would much benefit them later rather than aligning themselves to the owners interest.Managers may want to choose projects that give them a larger level of discretion and higher private benefits of control. According to Dicretionary possibleness, Baumol (1959) argued that managers aim is to maximise their sales revenue while Williamson (1964) stated that managers would create discretionary funds for investment and spend excessively on emoluments and staff expenditure (Moschandreas 2000).The first reason is because most managers want to achieve short term goals. In fact, any accounting based measure leads t o short term thinking and may be counterproductive since managers often influence and control accounting practices. Most common stock-based managerial incentive plans are relatively liquid, such as stock options with stock appreciation rights or share-performance cash bonuses. Additionally, if they are going to negotiate for a certain matter they will also adopt to short termism actions. For example, the recent merger between Time and Warner company has raise doubts to the public since the entire merger was took place for only five months and all other aspects of the agreements came very easily. However, recent findings has proved that the one real deal-breaker was took place for the compensation benefits of the head of Time-Warner.The second reason for predomination of managerial objective is because they want to maximize their own incomes i.e. private benefits, managerial ownership of the firm, expected cash flows to equity holders and salary. Manager will pursue their objective a nytime when the private benefits are sufficiently large to offset the incremental value of his share of the higher cash flows as a result from his alignment.In Europe and Japan, managerial salaries do not seem to grow faster than average pay and indeed CEO in these countries tend to earn lesser than their US counterparts today. In these regions, stock options are not widely being used and PRC are less important since it have no detrimental effects on firm performance (Fitzroy 1998). Contrarily, in UK, CEO compensation rose much faster than average pay throughout the 1980s and 1990s. More companies were introducing PRC, stock options and bonus schemes to align managerial incentives and shareholders interests and detailed studies had shown thatthis system to be tenuous at best.According to Bureaucratic theory by Monsen and Downs (1965), the best established empirical fact about top managers pay is that total compensation is closely related to the firms size. Stewart (1985) argued that the manager of large companies would become more bureaucratic because of increasing in size and greater complexity. Therefore, in large firm, for the same level of positions, the managers are getting more pay compared to the smaller one. This has contributed to predomination of managerial objectives in large firm in maximizing their incomes.The second reason for predomination of managerial objectives is because most managers are risk-averse because they expected to be blamed for failures but inadequately rewarded by the profits of success and pay depends on output will exposes employees to greater risk (Milgrom and Roberts 1992). Managers therefore prefer to diversify in their decision qualification between unrelated lines of business which would lead to devaluation of firm because of lack of economies of scope. Additionally, outside shareholders would like manager to maximize the value of the firm as this will lead to higher share prices but managers would try to offer shareholde rs steady capital gains and earnings increases, in contrast to possibly more fluctuating but on average more lucrative possibilities.The third reason is because manager would always want to have a very high job security. Most managers acceptt dare to jeopardise their jobs to achieve profit maximization by taking high risk decision. According to the Growth theory by Marris (1964), the confused possible candidates for inclusion in a managerial objective function are collapsed into the single motive of desire for sustainable long-run growth in size. Managers have the power to pursue a long-term growth rate faster than the one which would be optimal for shareholders, but the further they go, the more they are in danger of depressing the market value of the firm to the point where there is a serious risk of involuntary takeover, the latter being feared because it means loss of job. Hence, manager may want to subject to unprofitable on average as this will increase both the size of the firm and also their own compensation (Fitzroy 1998).The fourth reason is because managers may want to sustain their political reputation in the firm and would only run his objectives that will not disturb their political reputations. This would enable them to maintain supports from their staffs. In Japan, the preservation of individual status and prestige is much more important than in the US and UK. onward motion is largely by seniority at all levels (Stewart 1988). Some managers may want to pay their employees more than they deserve to maintain good relations with them and consequently increase their political reputation and makes them more entrenched in the company.As for conclusion, it is considerably clear that managerial behaviour is ineffective in controlling managers because they are more preferred to achieve short term goals, maximizing profits, being risk averse and securing their job security, which has lead to predomination of managerial objectives. The Growth Theory b y Marris, Discretionary Theory by Baumol and Williamson, and Bureaucratic Theory by Monsen and Downs explain clearly the reasons for objectives predomination by managers. Besides, there are also different impacts of managerial constraints on managerial behaviour among bank-based and share-based system on different countries i.e. European, Japan, US and UK. Lastly, in any large firms regardless of the system of corporate governance, it is unacceptable to totally eliminate the predomination of managerial objectives. However, this problem can be reduced through development of management control systems and development and evaluation of remuneration schemes.

Non-Monetary Rewards in the Workplace

Managers of different industries and organizations have been finding ways to create a motivational raceplace. Defining motivation, it is that which gives impetus to our behavior by arousing, sustaining, and directing it toward the attainment of goals (Wortman and Loftus, 1992 p.353). In order for a logical argument organization to achieve its objectives, therefore, there should be some motivations in the workplace that will drive its employees to accomplish such objectives.Companies may aim to improve the quality and productivity of the business primarily for increased profitability. Personally, employees may have their own motivators that drive them to perform their jobs better. Older employees atomic number 18 perplex by the insurance and pensions they will get upon retirement while other(a)s are motivated by the increase in salary as the years of their hinderance in the company increases.What makes motivation very important is that when it has been very efficient, the bu siness and its workers will mutually benefit that is they will both achieve their goals. For businesses, turn everywhere rate will decrease and productivity may increase. What also makes it a hard task for the managers is that employees have different behaviors and attitudes towards work, thus different motivations are infallible in order to satisfy the employees.The most common type of motivation is reward. Rewards are addicted to motivate employees to improve their performance or simply to distract dissatisfaction among employees. Rewards may be monetary or non-monetary. The purpose of monetary rewards is to acknowledge employees excellent job through money. Money has been an effective motivator because people are motivated first by the desire to secure first-level needs of food and shelter for survival (Creech, 1995). Aside from that, one of the primary reasons why people work is to earn money and improve their economic status. Monetary rewards or incentives let in salary inc rease, profit sharing, project bonuses, stock options and warrants, scheduled bonuses and additional paid vacation while (Ballentine et al, 2003 p.1).However, peoples needs are not only material things. There are also other needs that are compulsory to be satisfied such as the need to learn, to be challenged, to improve skills, improve social status, and the need for other opportunities. These needs are basically what make people self satisfied and fulfilled.Non-Monetary RewardsNon-monetary rewards are important employee motivators. As many people say, there are certain things that money arseholenot buy and these are sometimes more important to people. According to Kohn (1993 on Ballentine et al, 2003), monetary incentives encourage compliance rather than risk-taking because most rewards are based only on performance. On the other hand, non-monetary rewards are comprehension of an excellent job which do not involve money but are still satisfying and motivating to employees with the purpose of creating opportunities to the employees.Non-monetary rewards include (1) opportunity to learn, bewilder and advance as an employee (2) flexible hours (3) Recognition (4) the opportunity to contribute and (5) independence and autonomy (Anonymous, 2006).Opportunity to Learn, Develop and AdvanceThe opportunity to learn, develop and advance can be considered as opportunity for growth. Creech (1995) describes growth as to the mental abilities of employees. Promotion is one means of growth but there are also other ways that employees can learn and grow aside from moving out of their current position. Training, for example, are provided to employees who have showed exemplary performance. Some companies even off send their employees abroad for special seminars and trainings to further enhance their skills while other companies have provided scholarships and send their employees to universities to make them more educated.Another way of rewarding an employee is by giving him more complex and challenging tasks that will help improve his skills giving employees a certain feeling of achievement.Flexible HoursHaving flexible hours is rewarding to employees in such a way that they can have more time with other obligations. It will be rewarding for fair employees if they can have time for other important things such as the family, a part-time job, hobbies and social life. Even the most dedicated employees may feel like slaves and may leave out interest with their jobs if all their time will be spent working for the company alone but those who can have time for their selves can be more enthusiastic.RecognitionIt is very important for an employees excellent job to be appreciated and recognized. Recognition as a reward should be gain directly through the job (Creech, 1995) and must be in the form of merit so that employees know efforts are being observed and appreciated by management (Anonymous, 1994). Recognition may be in the form of pat in the back, verbal praise, or written praise (in the form of earn or certificate). There are even some companies that announce the reward publicly by holding ceremonies annually or quarterly in recognition of outstanding employees such as awards for the most prolific employees, the most loyal, most innovative and so on. In this way, employees are more motivated knowing that their good performances are recognized.Opportunity to ContributeEmployees feel rewarded when they know that they have good contributions in the workplace. They can even more contribute to the organization when they are given more responsibilities and when they know that their contributions are being valued. This reward involves having to work in a team, working closely with the people in the upper level of the business organizations such as the management, and having your ideas being heard and considered with regards to the decisions made in the company. This kind of reward is commonly given to innovative and creative employees wh o always have sassy ideas to contribute to product development and productivity.Independence and AutonomyExemplary employees are usually given the independence and autonomy because the management trusts them that can accomplish their jobs without surveillance and help of others. This reward is commonly given to employees who are good in decision making, can handle pressure and can finish the job on time effectively. It is a rewarding and comfortable feeling for an employee when there is no supervisor or other employees that always looks after his works while employers can save time and money when they have workers who can work independently.ConclusionAlthough monetary rewards have been traditionally effective as a motivator in a workplace, non-monetary rewards are also important in meeting the other needs of the employees. Non-monetary rewards satisfy and eliminate unhappiness in the workplace by providing employee self-fulfillment, growth, and a feeling of achievement, making the m more motivated to perform their jobs better. Therefore, in a workplace, there should be a balance of monetary and non-monetary rewards which motivates employees in different effective ways.ReferencesAnonymous (1994) Personnel Practices/Communications. Human ResourcesManagement. Chicago Commerce Clearing House Inc.,Anonymous, Top Five Non Monetary Items Employees Want in a WorkplaceRetrieved online on October 12, 2006http//www.recognitionrewards.com/top_five_items.htmBallentine, Andrew, McKenzie, Nora, Wysocki, Allen & Kepner, Karl (2003),The Role of Monetary and Non-Monetary Incentives in the Workplace as Influenced by Career Stage, EDIS, Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.Creech, Regina (1995), Employee Motivation,Management Quarterly, Volume 36, homecoming 2Wortman, Camille B. and Elizabeth F. Loftus. (1992) Psychology.New York McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Cafes Monte Case Essay

The company located in Milan, Italy.It was found by Mario Salvetti as a manufacturer and distributor of premium finest coffees. The company faces a hard decision that may affect their future. The company wants to know whether or not they should curb working in the same investing. An important meeting was there among the top management teams members to discuss the future of the company. The companys surgical process was good in 2000. Profit was shown at the financial statement. Giacomo Salvetti the CEO of the company needs to decide which to choose as the business strategy for the company 1) pass working in the premium coffee market.2) Transfer to the private brands market.The current aptitude of the coffee production in 2000 was 350,000 K/M , with added additional capacity of 150,000K/M. The cost of the additional units was 6 billion liras. More facts about the profitability and the liquidity were required beside the cash flow and the profit plan to quantify strategical alternat ives and to help in making this decision. The idea of changing was not easy to the CEO to accept without a clear image of the financial consequences. The report was provided by the marketing manager showed that the premium market is very volatile.On the other hand, the private brands market is more st fit. (Full capacity at the price of 8,800 liras). Price is bring down in the private market than the premium. The volume is depending of the number of retailers. ( Every additional retailer need at least 500,000 K/Y). The report was provided by the manufacturing conductor showed that costs are different in each amount of the volume and quality of beans. These costs include the cost of beans, labor and fixed cost. The company is able to save 65% of selling costs, 75% of R&D costs and 50% of administrative costs, if they choose the private brands market.(Director of strategic planning). Private brands retailers allow for deliver slowly- 90 days instead of 30 days. (Financial officer). I took the sales price as the current price 8,800 liras. Most of the expenses are decline compare to what they were in 2000 beside also the profit. Marketing expenses were no longer there because the marketing percentage became 0% in this volume of the private market. The reason of having this decline is the gross perimeter of the private market comparing to the margin of the premium market. Sales price and cost in private market are less than what they are in the premium market. Cash flows are not stable during the year. It looks vary from quarter to another. In the cash flows, the retailers will pay in 90days (3months) period of time as what it is in the private market. The cash opining was 50% in the first month and 25% in next 2 months. The other expenses were divided by the 12 months equally.Variable and selling costs are showing in page(5).I dont recommend the full transition to private market. The profit will be lower than what it is even if it is less volatile. There is no reason for the company to lose its premium market if the profit is low, too. I would support the dislodge of mixing the premium and the private markets together, because of the profitability there.