The Global internet backbone industry analysis paper Essay

The Global internet backbone industry analysis paper - Essay Example This essay will examine the global internet backbone industry and how it is organized. Internet is an open worldwide network that helps to interconnect computer networks using a number of standardized protocols in order to allow the exchange of data among them. Internet backbone is used to designate the core physical infrastructure that carries Internet Protocol traffic. The leading players in global internet industry include some big companies, governments, network center internet exchange points and network access points. Internet is both a point-to-point and point-to- multipoint medium: it connects individuals but also speaks to and interacts with vast numbers of people simultaneously (Dwyer, 2010). Internet is provided at first hand by tier 1 which consists of very large network service providers that own their own fiber optic or satellite links across nations and around the world. Many of these tier one companies operate a number of internet service providers that sell services to final users, others focus mostly on the wholesale market, selling bandwidth to tier 2 and tier 3 providers (Castells, 2011). Tier 1 providers have access to the global Internet routing table but do not purchase transit from anyone. Tier 2 Internet service providers buy capacity from tier 1 providers for resale. Tier 2 have networks with a more limited geographical coverage. Most of Tier 2 have their own PoPs and backbone nodes. The customers of Tier 2 internet service providers tend to be final users and they include businesses and households. On the other hand Tier 3 operators that include small internet service providers provide services exclusively to end users and normally they cover a small geographical area. Tier 3 Internet service providers should connect to either Tier 2 or tier 1 provider in order to access the Internet through the latter’s backbones: they may also have to lease their PoP facilities. The industry

Grapes of Wrath Essay Example for Free

Grapes of Wrath Essay In Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck wrote about the Joads and their forced migration from Oklahoma to California. They were forced to leave their simple farming life because of the Great Depression. Through the struggles of the members and friends of the Joads, Steinbeck was able to portray an undesirable, yet accurate picture of America in the early twentieth century. Thus, this story is considered as one of the most powerful social novels in human history. But, Steinbeck did not just describe the country where he lived. In the later part of the novel, Steinbeck crafted a political message that is intended to change the present and unacceptable state of America. In Nobody Knows My Name, James Baldwin wrote a series of essays about the experiences, thoughts, and struggles of an African-American deep in the heart of Europe. The collection of essays appears to be a rite of passage for Baldwin who did not want to be labeled as a Negro writer, but simply an American writer. But, through the series of essays, Baldwin wove together his own political message, which wanted to radically shift the point of view of society about what America is all about. In both pieces of literature, it can be found that the written works of art are not just mere expressions of the authors’ creativity. This is because a simple creative expression is wandering and aimless. The written art is similar to a powerful sword that can be wielded to effect political and social changes, but this figurative sword obeys the authors’ personal views that are derived from their personal experiences. Despite the personal basis of the authors’ opinions, the political nature of the written art is needed in societies that are thrown in the midst of division and conflict because the political nature of written art serves as a guiding beacon of light, both for the ordinary citizens and for the political leaders. Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath has many interpretations that originate from varying perspectives, such as religious, economic, social, political, and personal. The same could be said of Baldwin’s Nobody Knows My Name. Different and numerous interpretations of literary works are acceptable because that is the nature of all literary works and the authors could not be confronted and asked to choose which interpretation is the most accurate. It is probable that Steinbeck purposely wove a novel that is a mosaic of several messages. And it is also probable that Baldwin delved into different issues and each essay in the said collection might be about more than one perspective. But, in comparing the novel and the essay collection, the two perspectives that will be analyzed are the similar personal and the political beliefs of the authors about the American society. Both Steinbeck and Baldwin see a divided American society. In Steinbeck’s novel, the division is between the rich and the poor. This division is felt sharply in the Great Depression when the rich and powerful preyed on the desperation of the poor people. The reputed rich grape vineyards in California became attractive to the Joads and other poor people who are suffering the pangs of hunger due to the poor harvest. The house was dead, and the fields were dead† (Steinbeck, 135). The family chose to uproot themselves and went to California. But, the vineyards did not deliver the promise of providing enough food security for the people. Instead, the Joads toiled hard, day and night, but remained poor, oppressed, and discriminated. In Baldwin’s essay, the division is between the Blacks and the White. The Civil War has ended but the discrimination against the Black Americans remained. Many Americans gave lip service to the concept of equality and assimilation, but it is far more difficult to remove the generations-old dogma of Blacks being an inferior race. Hoping to achieve the desired state of equality, the Blacks fought by excelling in the fields of sports, music, and literature. But this was not enough. Instead, the Blacks continued to endure discrimination. The nature of the division that was described by Steinbeck may not be exactly the same as the division described by Baldwin. But the division and the conflict are strongly felt. And because of the presence of the conflict, America is not united. Unfortunately, there are more conflicts that exist other than the conflict between people of different races and people who come from different socio-economic status. There are conflicts based on gender, education, and sexual orientation. â€Å"The tensions of American life, as well as the possibilities, are tremendous† (Baldwin, 11). But what could be the long-term implications of having a divided country? Both Steinbeck and Baldwin predicted that the present divisions in America would lead to overwhelming wrath that might destroy society. In Steinbeck’s novel, the poor finds that many of their opportunities are kept away from them or wasted away by the rich and powerful. â€Å"The people come with nets to fish for potatoes in the river, and the guards hold them back †¦ in the eyes of the hungry there is a growing wrath† (Steinbeck, 477). It is suggested that the travels of Steinbeck revealed to him the desolate state of his country and the increasing resentment of the poor. In Baldwin’s essay Fifth Avenue, Uptown: a Letter from Harlem, he described the rotting and festering social situation of Harlem, the corner of the world where he grew up. Baldwin drew upon his experiences and observations when he was still living in Harlem to create this essay that depicts the oppression that the Whites wielded through the police. The policemen â€Å"represent the force of the white world the black man corralled up here, in his place† (Baldwin, 57). The Blacks have began to realize that they were being discriminated and that the basic right to human dignity was been taken away from them through the selfish and callous way that the Whites treated them in the past decades. But, instead of being apologetic, the Whites, being the majority, demanded assimilation. It would be inevitable that the Blacks would feel resentment. And with resentment, there would be a burgeoning anger. Steinbeck and Baldwin are personally aware of the negative effects of the existing conflicts in their societies. They knew that anger would be fermented. There is a limit to the patience of the people who are being oppressed. What then should Americans do with the existing conflicts in their country? Both Steinbeck and Baldwin personally believed that there must be a radical political change in the country, but for any radical change to happen, there should also be a radical change within each individual American. In Steinbeck’s novel, there were many characters that underwent changes throughout the story. However, the character that underwent the most radical change was Rose of Sharon, who, after suffering from the loss of her own child, has agreed to nurse an old man. â€Å"Then she lay down beside him. He shook his head slowly from side to side. Rose of Sharon loosened one side of the blanket and bared her breast† (Steinbeck, 619). This last scene in Steinbeck’s novel often elicits a violent reaction from readers. But, upon reflection, it was the most humane act of all. The violent reaction occurred simply because many readers are trapped within the bounds of society’s conventions. Without these conventions, the readers will be rid of preconceptions that prevent them from reaching out to other people. Without preconceptions, the division between the poor and the rich would eventually disappear. In Baldwin’s essays, the personal change that he wanted to obtain is to prevent the self from following the tides of anger that will sweep and destroy the country. Thus, instead of wearing the easy cloak called Negro writer, he chose to create a new one, the American writer. He found that the American writers of his time lack the sense of purpose that a literary artist should have. This is because the American writer, similar to the many readers of Steinbeck, is trapped by conventions of society. Baldwin believes that unless the American writer â€Å"is released from the habit of flexing his muscles and proving that he is just a regular guy that he realizes how crippling this habit has been† (Baldwin, 6). If all Americans will remove the concept of race from their minds, they will find that there is no Negro problem after all. The concept of effecting an individual change prior to achieving a wider social change evolved primarily from the personal experiences of the authors and from their observations. These were distilled to create the plot of the novel and the subject of the essays. As influential authors, were Steinbeck and Baldwin ethically appropriate in creating literary works that came from their personal experiences and personal political beliefs? The answer is an affirmative. The literary artist must take his own personal history, distill truth from his experiences, and use his insights responsibly by sending a political and social message to the rest of the world.

How To Build Your Own Computer :: Process Essays

Before you start you will need to check if u need all of your pieces together and parts. Then you need to check if you have the right size case for your mother board. The find a bare floor to work on its the best place. Then download latest drivers for your pc so you cannot have headahces later on. Now you are ready to install your motherboard. Lay your case on it's side for installing the motherboard. If your case has a removable motherboard plate then take it out to install the motherboard on it. Match up the motherboard mounting hole with the case or plate. Now use the standoffs and install them to the case or plate where the holes lined up. Then use the screws and screw the motherboard down to the standoffs. Some case use plastic standoffs. These usually have pointed ends you push up through the back of the motherboard and then slide the flat head into the case or plate. Make sure that the motherboard is not touching the case or plate on the back of the motherboard. Now install the plate if your case came with the removable one. Make sure your motherboard is tight but not too tight as to cause it to crack.Next connect the power to the motherboard. If you have an AT motherboard it will use 2 large 6 wire plugs. The black wires have to be together in the middle or you will fry your motherboard and believe me it has happened a lot. They will be hard to install but they will fit just keep trying. The problem is the little tabs placed on 1 side of them. If you have a ATX motherboard then you will have 1 large 20 wire plug. It is made so it can only be installed the right way. If you have a cpu that needs the extra 12 volt hooked to the motherboard then you will need to install it also. It looks different from the other connectors and will install only the right way. You must decide if you want a desktop or tower or one of the new small cases. You will want to allow for expandability unless you are building a small form case. Make sure you get a case that will fit the space where you plan to put it. Make sure the case has at least one intake fan or a place to install one in the front.

Mississippi style by Erle Johnson

The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission was enacted by an act of the Mississippi legislation in 1956. Its objectives was to protect the sovereignty of the state, and her sister state. The commission is run by four ex-official; the governor (who was the chairman of the commission), the president of the state (vice-chairman of the commission), the attorney general, and the speaker of the house. Other members of the commission includes: two members from the senate, appointed by the president and the senate; and three members from the house representatives who are appointed by the speaker. Various leaders in Mississippi had either credited or criticized the performance of the Commission. Coleman acknowledges the work that was being done by the Commission and asserted that the Commission was useful in abolishing the racial conflict and violence. Ross Barnett on the other hand complained about the method used by the Commission, he directed the Commission to create the speaker’s bureau to present the Mississippi views. The investigation team were also expanded which were in charge of investigated individuals and the organization that were challenging the racial status quo. Another key leader who contributed towards creating and shaping the new image of the Commission was Erle Johnston. Erle took measures to clean up the Commission, removing all discrimination reports especially those which meant to barred African and Americans from voting. He was born in 1917, in Garyville, Louisiana. Erle attended Grenada High School, where he played several roles ranging from participated on the baseball team, being a member of the band, and a newspaper writer. However, Erle did not go further with education due to financial problems, and hence after completion of High School in 1935, he started working part-time with Daily News, the Jackson-Leader, and the Memphis Commercial Appeal up to 1937 when he secured a full time job with the Clarion-ledger. Johnson Erle thereafter managed to serve in several capacities ranging from a mere newspaper reporter and the state editors to being the State Director of the Office of War Information in 1943. He was also called to serve in the U.S Army in 1945. His reputation as a respected newspaper writer and editors as well as a political reporter enabled Erle emerged into public arena and participated in the Mississippi political campaigns. In 1960, Erle was appointed as Director of Public Relations by Barnett and began to work with the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission where he develops a public program that would counter criticism from the civil rights activist. He led the Commission in conducting investigation on those who challenged racial segregation, and directing on how to avoid civil rights legislation. Johnson also redefined the Commission name into Mississippi Information Agency in order regain its recognition. In 1966, a meeting was called to approve a new policy redefining the Commission as the watch dog in an effort to combat the threat of integration. Erle continued to hold the Executive Director of the Sovereignty Commission until his resignation in 1968. After his resignation John became Mayor of Forest from 1982-1985 where he alert on the advancement and development of the city’s industry. The success of the development of the city’s industrial led to the creation of many jobs opportunities. He later take over to a new career as an author of Mississippi politics where he before his death he wrote three books. He continued holding different position and engaging in various activities such as civic, religious, and community’s events. John was selected as Co-Chairman of Tougaloo College’s Committee on the prevention of the Civil Rights Activities in 1992. He later received recognition into the Mississippi Press Association Hall of Fame before his death which occurred as a result of heart attack in 1995. He left three children. Conclusion Johnson Erle born in 1917 was one of the leaders whose contribution led to a great success of the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission. His reputation well known as the respected journalist and political reporters gave him an edge into political arena. He served several position during his life and always been struggling for the abolition of the racial segregation. Reference: 1. Erle Johnston memo, June 24, 1965, SRC ID # 9-31-4-3-1-1-1. 2. General Laws of the State of Mississippi, 1956, Chapter 365, 520-524. 3. Mississippi’s Defiant Years, 1953-1973: An Interpretation Documentary with Personal Experiences (Forest, Miss: Lake Harbor Publishers, 1994). 4. Politics: Mississippi Style (Forest Miss: Lake Harbor Publishers, 1993) 5. Rolled with Rose: A Political Portrait (Baton Rouge: Moran, 1980). Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â  

Mexican American Cultures Essay

Even though the American culture and Mexican culture have similarities, they are more different than alike. Me being Mexican-American and living so close to the Mexican-American border, I’m very familiar with these two cultures. Some differences are sports, form of speaking, and even dinner time. These might be shocking, but very true. One of the major differences is sports. In the Mexican culture, one grows up playing, and watching soccer. One probably cheers for the â€Å"Tijuana Xolos,† or â€Å"Cruz Azul,† and or maybe even â€Å"La America. † There are many teams but one’s family is a die-heart fan of one in specific. As a baby one’s first word is most likely â€Å"goal† or â€Å"penal. † In the Mexican culture one eat, sleeps, and breathes soccer. On contraire of soccer, in the American culture, football is a must. Every Sunday you’ll be dressed up in your team’s jersey and spend 4 hours screaming at the t. v. Sundays are holly for a football family, you grill, invite friends over and watch men tackle all day. In addition you’ll probably even throw in some curse words while you’re watching your favorite teams whether it’s the â€Å"San Diego Chargers† or â€Å"New England Patriots,† or many other professional football teams. One very important difference is the form of speaking and language. In the Mexican culture one will most likely learn and speak Spanish first before any other language. In Spanish, for elders or someone superior to you, you speak in what is called â€Å"forma de usted. † It’s very disrespectful to speak informally to an elder or any of your superiors and take offence of it. One is taught since a very young age la forma de usted because one’s parents expect one to speak appropriate to their superiors and not embarrass them while out. Typically one exception for la forma de usted is with one’s parents, but in my case, it wasn’t. In the American culture, you generally speak one language, English. In English there really isn’t a formal way to address your elders or superiors. One speaks informally to everybody, whether it’s one’s boss, mother, or friend. There is no respectful or specific way to speak to them. Different from the Mexican culture, everybody is on an equal level, so it doesn’t require speaking formally to anybody. Another difference is in a typical Mexican household the kids come home from school and do their homework at the table while their mom prepares dinner. Dinner is served at four p. m. but will not be eaten until everybody from the family is seated at the table, and ready to give thanks to the â€Å"Virgin Maria† for their food. Generally dinner is a dish that involves eating a tortilla with, and or beans. Different from the Mexican culture, in the American culture, one eats at around six p. m. It is typically around the time the parents get out of work, which is later on in the day. Usually they serve themselves and some eat in the living room while others eat in their rooms, very rarely to all eat seated together at the dinner table. Due to the busy routine that one has in America, that sense of family unity has lost its meaning, which reflects on something as simple as dinner time. As one can see the Mexican culture and the American culture are different in many ways. Each culture has their own unique characteristics which makes each of them special in their own way. Sports, form of speaking, and dinner time are little differences but make a huge difference in each culture.

The effects of water essays

The effects of water essays I have chosen to write my paper on the effects that we have on our most important resource, water. The article I chose to go along with my paper was out of The Detroit News 5-24-00. The article discussed the problems that Metro Detroit has had with their outbreaks of e. coli in many of the area beaches. After reading the article I thought that it would be a great idea to look further into the problems our country faces with water and the way we use it. In the past fifty years nations have gone to war over oil. In the next fifty years we are going to go to war over water (Simon 18). The current world population of approximately 5.9 Billion will double in the next forty -ninety years. To further compound the water shortages, human consumption of water is rising twice as fast as the population. The exponential population growth has a severe effect on the amount of water being used and the amount of pollutants that go back into it. Take for example the problems that people in California are having with water and trying to get it. Californias current water use is unsustainable. In many areas, ground water is being used at a rate that exceeds the rate of natural replenishment. Fish and wildlife species are being destroyed by withdrawal of water, as well as by development. Official projections are that water demand will exceed available supplies in the year 2020 (Simon 18). California is the nations most populated state with over 1,400 reservoirs and the most sophisticated water supply system in the world (Rosenbaum 167). However it appears from studies that they wi ll be experiencing some severe water shortages in the years to come. Many things have led to the shortages in California especially over population and desiccation. Towards the beginning of the century, Los Angeles understood that they would have problems, so they purchased Owens Lake the third largest body of water in the state. Today it is called Owens Dry Lake because ...

Resume Making Essay Example

Resume Making Essay Example Resume Making Essay Resume Making Essay Scholarships Awarded National Talent Search Exam (NTSE) Scholarship conducted by NCERT (2007) State Rank 8 in High School Scholarship Exam awarded Scholarship by Maharashtra Govt. (2004) State Rank 6 in Middle School Scholarship Exam awarded Scholarship by Maharashtra Govt. (2001) AIR 821 out of 3, 84, 977 applicants in IIT-JEE with a percentile of 99. 8 (2009) State Rank 13 out of 62,520 in Maharashtra Talent Search Exam with percentile 99. 99 (2005) State Rank 8 out of 2171 applicants in Maths Talent Search Exam conducted by IPM (2005) State Rank 13 out of 617 applicants in Maths Talent Search Exam conducted by IISM (2006) State Rank 7 in Maths Talent Search Exam conducted by the IISM (2007) District Rank 7, 2, 5 in 3 tier Mathematics Exam; Ganit Sambodh, Pravinya, Pradnya (2005) State Rank 15 in Regional Mathematics Olympiad (RMO) from Maharashtra Goa (2008) Represented Maharashtra state in the Indian National Mathematics Olympiad (INMO) (2008) Top 1% certificate in Physics Olympiad from Maharashtra State (2008) AIR 37 out of 14000 applicants with a percentile of 99. 97 in National Cyber Olympiad (2006) AIR 580 out of 11150 AIR 405 out of 13320 in National Cyber Olympiad in (2004,2006) Competitive Exams Olympiads ? ? ? INTERNSHIPS Reliance Infrastructure Limited [May-June 2011] ? Project on Dry Flue Gas Losses at Reliance Thermal Power Plant at Dahanu in Mumbai ? Analyzed real time data calculated percent heat loss due to flue gas to be 4. 72% of fuel capacity ?Suggested use of Economizers to capture waste heat from stack gases transfer it to feedwater ? Optimized positions of O2 temperature sensors by analyzing air-fuel ratio excess air level ? ? ? ? ? POSITIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY Founding MemberAbbyDale PreSchool Mess Councilor (2011-12) Involved in overall development of the school from initial planning to final execution Handled Infrastructure design, Brochure design, Marketing Admission process of the project Handled total investment of Rs. 7 lakh with annual turnover of 2 lakh in 1st year 4 lakh in 2nd year Arranged expert pre-school teachers from Mumbai for teacher training program Obtained 14 admissions in 2012 22 in 2013; Conducted a summer camp in May 2012 Led a team of 3 secretaries 33 mess workers; Coordinated between students mess management Responsible for mess transactions of 460 students totaling INR 46 Lakhs each semester Managed 2 Hostel Tea Parties and 2 Gala Dinners in co-ordination with external caterers Performed in India’s Got Talent 3 on Star Plus with IIT Bombay dance team (2011) 3rd among 25 teams at Mood Indigo in Theme Group Dance Competition (2011) 1st position in Gyrations, the Inter-Hostel Group Dance Competition for 2 years in (2010,2011) 2nd position in Dance in IIT Bombay Fresher’s Dance Competition Freshizza (2009) 1st position in Group Dance in Performing Arts Festival(PAF) at IIT Bombay (2009,2010) Cleared A-Cert exam of NCC conducted by Ministry of Defense, Govt. of India (2006) Attended the Annual Training Camp under National Cadet Corps. 2006) Part of organizing team of the event Dancing with the Stars judged by Shahid Kapoor Worked in the Competitions department of the event which saw a footfall of more than 1000 Part of organizing team of event RoboWars in national level technical festival of IIT Bombay Worked in the Infrastructure department of the event with more than 30 teams participating ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? EXTRA CURRICULAR ACHIEVEMENTS Dance National Cadet Corps. Organizer, Mood Indigo (2009) Organizer, Techfest (2010) Others ? Volunteered for National Service Scheme (NSS), the Social Service Group (2009-10) ? 4th position in Inter Hostel Advertisement Making Competition with hostel 2 team (2010) ? 11 certificates in Essay Writing, Elocution Dancing Competitions at school level E-mail: [emailprotected] iimcal. ac. in Indian Institute of Management Calcutta

WORDPLAY

WORDPLAY Play-on-words is a literary technique that makes the words the main subjects for the purpose of amusement or some particular effect. Hashtag: #ReplaceALetterRuinATvShow Literary A wordplay is a form of humorous writing. It is a literary technique for entertaining readers by manipulating the sounds and meaning of words. Characterized by ambiguity, wordplay is also a form of creative linguistic that takes advantage of words with similar meanings to grab attention. CONNECTING WORDS AND PHRASES A pun is a subtype of wordplay that uses a word (one-word puns) or group of words (compound puns) with several meanings or a  sound to make it funny. A good example is funny puns using compound puns or replacing two or more words to change their meaning such as â€Å"Santa’s helpers are subordinate Clauses†. When a writer substitutes a word with another similar-sounding word, the result is homophonic puns. For example,â€Å"The butcher refused to accept my challenge that his knife was dull because the steaks were too high†. In contrast, when the writer uses a word with two different meanings, the resulting puns are homographic puns such as â€Å"Yes, he is the same optometrist who fell into a lens grinder and made a spectacle of himself†. There are also funny animals puns such as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A horse is a very stable animal†. Funny Puns in Classrooms and in the Internet The pun is a  type of wordplay that many authors and poets create to bring fun to the classroom. Since humor is a good motivator, wordplay enriched books and make schoolchildren interested in language and vocabulary. Teachers used wordplay in the classroom to encourage students to expand their vocabulary and challenge their belief about the meaning of the words. Wordplay also helps students see the connection between words. Wordplay extends beyond the classroom to the Internet. Various funny puns are all over the Web bringing a smile to everyone’s face. One-letter puns challenge from social media user #ReplaceALetterRuinATvShow to replace a letter of a TV show title was accepted by fellow users and many are quite good with vocabulary. For example: â€Å"Price is Right† to â€Å"Prick is Right† â€Å"Dr. Who† to â€Å"Dr. Why† â€Å"America’s Top Model† to â€Å"America’s Top Modem† There are puns about technology, puns created by Internet geeks, 15 most hilarious puns, clean and dirty puns, and banned puns that allegedly breached China’s law on standard spoken and written Chinese. However, the fun with puns continues with more clever puns such as: â€Å"People who say they from constipation are full of shit† â€Å"Never trust atoms, they make up everything† â€Å"The person who invented the door knock won the No-bell prize† Wordplay and its popular subtype have a number of beneficial applications. Aside from expanding classroom vocabulary, enhancing the motivation of language learners, and creating a word-rich classroom, English literature masters extensively used the literary technique in their plays and poetry. William Shakespeare, for instance, used wordplay to produce various, life-like representation of a complex human personality. Hebrew Bible writers frequently obscure the true meaning of God messages using wordplay. Wordplay nowadays is widely used in product advertising tagline to draw the attention of readers. Advertisers make good use of wordplay such as: â€Å"Thirst come, thirst served† of Coca-Cola in 1932 â€Å"Put a Tiger in Your Tank† of  Exxon If you need assistance with essay writing feel free to contact our support team or place an order right now and we will gladly help you.

Annotated Bibliography and Thesis Statement Instructions on Essay

Annotated Bibliography and Thesis Statement Instructions on Geographical Issues - Essay Example Annotated Bibliography and Thesis Statement Instructions on Geographical Issues The author tries to prove the hypothesis that fish can be used as a navigation tool through various researches done by scientists and navigators. National Research Council, Committee on Precursor Measurements Necessary to Support Human Operations on the Surface of Mars et. Al. Safe on Mars: Precursor Measurements Necessary to Support Human Operations on the Martian Surface. United States, US: National Academies Press, 2002 The astronauts that have landed to the planet mars explain the different hazards posed by the planets terrain. These hazards have different forms such as radiations, geological and the hazards posed by the atmospheric dynamics, which necessitate the study of the hazards to ensure astronauts’ safety while in the planet and their journey back to avoid contamination of the return vehicles. The chemical environmental hazards posed by planet mars are presented, which include the understanding of the between interaction of the Martian soil and the airborne dusts w ith an astronaut and the equipment that are critical, establishing the risk standards, and the toxicity levels of the Martian atmospheric gases. Passing quite a large number of countries, the equator is a major attraction site for many tourists who refer to it as the center of the universe. Neuman explores the San Antonio De Pichincha, Ecuador Park that reveals that the equator is hundreds feet to the northern direction, a fact that has been doubted by many tourists who visit the equator. Neuman uses the park in this newspaper article to study how the equator runs where the path it follows leads to a land traversed by a ravine, which possess a great danger to the construction of monuments; hence, the park’s monument was located in a different area that was initially 100 feet then reconstructed to 800 feet. To ascertain the amazing facts of the equator, a number of scientific research such as â€Å"Measure of the Earth† alongside with the tourists who get to the site describes the monument in the park. Flint, Warren. â€Å"Water Resource sustainability Management: Thinking like a Watershed†. Annals of arid zone 45(3 ) (2006):399-423. Print The journal explains the importance and management practices of the most important element, water, with cited examples all over the world and the effects that the functionality intact and biologically compound ecosystems the element has to the society. Sustainability anchors of aquatic systems presented and analyzed indicate the need to determine the effect they pose to the society’s factor such as health, integrity, and function ability. The watershed improvement strategy, from tradition, starts from the stage of focusing on the specific causes of water pollution ton containing the sources to ensure natural resource protection, social well-being, and preservation of ecological integrity. Flint describes the process that leads to a sustainable watershed natural defined hydrology preservation methods that involves and require a multi-dimension approach of thinking, which results to environmental pay-offs and economic benefits the society with most

Impact of Television on American Family Life Essay

Impact of Television on American Family Life - Essay Example It has been calculated that, the time spent by each American family in watching TV, for duration of one week, is roughly fifty one hours. (2) Based on the statistical figures stated in the preceding paragraph, there is no hesitation in arriving at a logical conclusion. The quality time spent by family members, by interacting with each other, is being compromised. And that is solely for the purpose of not missing their favorite shows on the television. This trend is steadily leading to a scenario where the bond between family members is slowly getting weakened. The time that was allocated for family members, in the pre-television era, is now being given to TV. Television has been successful in getting the undivided attention of people, and has also managed to take a powerful grip of their lives. Television projects a negative image of family Apart from the disadvantages of TV that have been emphasized upon, earlier, it (TV) is showing its negative impact in another way. There is now n o dearth of television programs, which depict parents in poor light. There are now many shows, in which, parents are shown as lacking the capability to both take proper care of children, and also to be successful in life. Simultaneously, children are being depicted as the people of family who are more knowledgeable and hence having every right to question the parents. In the TV shows, the character of a family elder is projected as being a comedian who is at the receiving end of ugly jokes. All these leave a strong impression on the tender minds of children who, owing to all the stuff being shown on TV, would end up disregarding family values. They would display scant respect towards the... While speaking about the negative effects of TV on American family life, a mention needs to be made of the reality shows, which have gained immense popularity. This essay approves that the real and concrete solution for any stress-causing issue can be arrived at, only when there is a wholesome interaction between members of a family. And it is this very interaction that is consistently becoming less and less, courtesy the over importance being given to TV. Different studies carried out in the avenue of â€Å"Impact of television on American family life† have shown that, families with limited income are getting more addicted to television. There indeed is a highly valid reason for that. When compared with other means of entertainment, a television is the one that fits into the budget of low income households. Especially, it is observed that, if TV sets are present in bedrooms of children, there is every possibility that they could get distanced from other family members. Children would then show no inclination towards attending various family events. This report makes a conclusion the focus of this essay is confined to elaborating upon the adverse impacts of TV, only in relation to family life. There are several other drawbacks of television like increased risk of obesity and people becoming passive, etc, that have not been discussed here. The topic of the essay is an exhaustive one and it is not possible to be covering all the related points in a brief essay such as this one. Yet, a sincere attempt has been made to cover the most of the important aspects.

Dietary Education Program for Patients at High Risk of Coronary Heart Dissertation

Dietary Education Program for Patients at High Risk of Coronary Heart Disease - Dissertation Example Conclusion and Recommendations P. 47 – P. 50 10. References P. 51 – P. 55 11. Bibliography P. 56 12. Appendices P. 65-83 Tables Table 1 Boolean Table P. 22-23 Table 2 Search Terms Acknowledgement My sincere thanks to people who have helped in the formulation of this paper, from the initial typing of the draft to the editing and correction my heart is filled with thanks. To my supervisor who painstakingly made corrections and suggestions, and to my classmates who also provided inspiration and suggestions, my personal appreciation and thanks. Without you, I wouldn’t be able to fulfil my academic obligations. Abstract Coronary heart disease is a common sickness and a major killer among industrialized countries of the world, Hong Kong not excluded. While we are considered advanced in many areas, in technology, the sciences and in medicine, we have forgotten how to deal with sickness and the common risk factors that kill our people. This is due primarily to our contin uing lifestyles of inactivity and continuous energy intake without regard for the kind of food we take. There are many suggestions contained in the literature on how to reduce CHD risk factors and deaths but the best suggestion so far is education. Through education available for patients and people at high risk of cardiovascular disease and CHD, we can reduce the risk factors and mortality of the disease. The aim of this study is to provide a dietary education approach for long term treatment of people at risk of CHD. Our conclusions and recommendations provided this approach and this is a combination of several strategies. The strategies include a community based education programme for patients and persons at high risk. The program should use the Mediterranean diet, or a pattern of fish, fish oil, olive oil, fruits and vegetables, which has to be combined with physical exercise. Other programmes include the INFO, PEP, FIT, which recommends healthy habits and physical exercise. Th e method used was review of the literature. The critique provided was a comprehensive study that applied various dimensions to include theoretical aspects, ethical issues, including the methodologic concepts, interpretations and presentation methods. The themes are all about dietary education to reduce the risk factors for CHD and to prevent myocardial infarction or cardiac event. In the reviews, we found the themes to be the focus for discussion and the influence of the body of the literature. Changes in major risk factors have positive effects in CHD mortality rates. Common risk factors are almost similar in many studies, such as blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, obesity and diabetes. A study in Hong Kong concluded that for the period 1989 to 2001, CHD mortality was reduced by 78% due to improvements in treatment and education/information provided to patients and families. Compared to CHD mortality rates in western countries, Hong Kong’s was very low. Treatment, educati on and control of risk factors were attributable to reduction in CHD mortality rates. Chapter 1 Introduction Hospital Authority’s plan of action for the next five years addresses the issue of enhancing quality health care and patient-community relationship, along with adequate resources in meeting healthcare needs. The strategic planning process was led by the Hospital Authority Board and participated in by 750 stakeholders composed of patient groups, representatives, clinicians and heads of agencies. The Strategic Plan introduced a framework for healthcare workers and professionals

Forensic psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Forensic psychology - Essay Example nding this early stress can be highly useful in providing insights into the treatment and pathophysiology of depression and other forms of abnormal psychology. According to Durand and Barlow (2005) psychosocial factors that affect the brain function and structure include social learning in both the conditioning and cognitive processes. These processes normally affect implicit memory as well as blind sight. This means that an individual may develop mental disorders due to the kind of psychosocial experiences that he has been through. What this means for future research is that researchers have to look into prior experiences that an individual has been through before making any diagnostic conclusions (Kaufman, et. al, 2000). Researchers have to put into considerations the differences in each case before making decisions. This might help in curbing he stigma associated with mental illness labeling. The categorical approach is based on the idea that an individual is or is not a member of a specific discrete grouping. This approach assumes that all levels of human behavior are divided into normal and pathological categories. It also assumes that these behavioral classes discrete, homogeneous and non-overlapping. In this approach, the diagnosis is normally a yes or no decision. The main advantage of this approach is its effectiveness in research and understanding. A disadvantage of this approach is its clear use of inclusion and exclusion standards. In this approach, a person either has a disorder or he does not (Brown and Barlow, 2005). The dimensional approach classifies an individual’s behavior according to specific dimensions. According to Krueger, Skodol and Livesley (2006), many professional working in the personality disorders field are increasingly turning to the dimensional approach in developing diagnostic schemes for mental disorders. One of the advantages of this approach is its effectiveness in predicting functional impairment as compared to other

Global Employment or Job Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Global Employment or Job Industry - Essay Example A notable factor is that organizations are focusing on their human competence bases and their development. The market values of such organizations are dependent on business knowledge, the loyalty of customers and other examples of human capital. Most organizations are focusing on ways of acquiring monetary capital and the manner in which their tangible assets are deployed. The wealth that is attributable to businesses and nations is dependent on the skills and knowledge of the people.  The aspect of competencies is not a new concept. It had been in existence for centuries. Changes in the concept have been elicited by the fact that educators have come up with skills that guide curriculum development. Over the years, people have been developing the groups of objectives for the behavioral, cognitive and affective sphere including knowledge, attitudes, and skills. However, the approaches and definitions are diverse. If organizations are to choose among the objectives, it is their respo nsibilities to determine the definitions, development, and deployment of human competence with regard to the advantages and disadvantages.  Competency has various definitions in the job fraternity. Some of the meanings refer to the work, duties, results and productive outputs. Skills, knowledge, and attitudes could be used in the description of the characteristics of the people that are working. Some people consider job tasks and other organizational activities as competencies. Job descriptions are usually based on the tasks that are expected of the employees and they may not necessarily be presented as competencies.

Db3 1 training and development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Db3 1 training and development - Research Paper Example On the other hand, according to the report of Northern Illinois University (n.d.), summative assessment happens after the learning process is concluded. Hence, it sums up the instruction imparted and gained. The learning at this stage is incidental for e.g. through the conclusion of projects. The consultant should be able to blend technology with his/her work. The best way to do this would be to find the type of automation or software used by the company. This gives the consultant insights into the day-to-day activities of the company. While technology saves time for the company, the consultant can give the company inputs regarding effective use and change in technology in future. Northern Illinois University, Faculty Development and Instructional Design Center. Formative and Summative Assessment. Retrieved from https://www.azwestern.edu/academic_services/instruction/assessment/resources/downloads/formative%20and_summative_assessment.pdf Siebert, S. (2009). Training Validation Methods: A how-to guide for assessing participant learning. Raising Voices. Retrieved from

Global Employment or Job Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Global Employment or Job Industry - Essay Example A notable factor is that organizations are focusing on their human competence bases and their development. The market values of such organizations are dependent on business knowledge, the loyalty of customers and other examples of human capital. Most organizations are focusing on ways of acquiring monetary capital and the manner in which their tangible assets are deployed. The wealth that is attributable to businesses and nations is dependent on the skills and knowledge of the people.  The aspect of competencies is not a new concept. It had been in existence for centuries. Changes in the concept have been elicited by the fact that educators have come up with skills that guide curriculum development. Over the years, people have been developing the groups of objectives for the behavioral, cognitive and affective sphere including knowledge, attitudes, and skills. However, the approaches and definitions are diverse. If organizations are to choose among the objectives, it is their respo nsibilities to determine the definitions, development, and deployment of human competence with regard to the advantages and disadvantages.  Competency has various definitions in the job fraternity. Some of the meanings refer to the work, duties, results and productive outputs. Skills, knowledge, and attitudes could be used in the description of the characteristics of the people that are working. Some people consider job tasks and other organizational activities as competencies. Job descriptions are usually based on the tasks that are expected of the employees and they may not necessarily be presented as competencies.

System engineering Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

System engineering - Coursework Example Construction took fewer years than the normal four years and thus, if the construction were done in the normal time it should better results would be obtained. Following the construction procedures is a key to having the desired outcomes and therefore, the system engineers should have followed the right construction procedures especially when they were constructing the engine. The costs of constructing the ship would have reduced if there was following of the correct procedures. The system engineers are limited by the orders that they receive from the navy officers. The instructions are clear that the ship is required within a short span of time (Taubman, 2008). The executives fear that if the construction slows down it will disadvantage them from winning the contract and therefore the system engineers must hurry up. The system engineers do not have an option but to follow the instructions of hurrying the construction

Internet & Society Essay Example for Free

Internet Society Essay The world is changing and many new technologies are being developed continuously. Our daily life is affected by these changes. The changes will become faster in future. Internet is one most important result of changing technologies. It has become a part of our daily life. Every new technology has its own effects. Some of them are positive and some may be negative. We should avoid the negative effects. Technology should be used in a positive manner, otherwise it will destroy us. Internet is an amazing creation of the technology. The whole world is affected by it and all people are directly or indirectly related with it. Internet is extremely helpful for numerous persons. Students take help of internet for their homework. Investors use internet for the information about stocks. Sport fans watch score and statistics. Internet has taken the place of television. Today internet is same as the television in 1940-50s. Internet is more useful and advantageous than television. But it is not possible for every person to use the internet. Internet also created an effect on the print media and it is gradually replacing the print media because a magazine or newspaper can be published at a very low cost on the internet. There is no need of ink and paper on the internet and fewer workers are required. That’s why print media is taking the advantage of internet. Internet is the main reason behind the revolution in society. Because of the internet, communication between the different countries, societies, communities became possible. Before the internet technology there was no other communication system being so vast to express the ideas and the feelings. Through internet data, voice, and video communication is possible. Mostly people avoid speaking to unknown person. Internet has proved very useful for such kind of people, because they talk with people without showing their age, looks and class. People find many friends through the internet. Many public sites provide this facility. People can gain many friends through these sites. Many young people are earning money with the help of internet by web designing, game construction, working as a freelance writer. It means internet provides many opportunities for the people. Internet has shrunk the world. Today each country is connected with another country with the help of internet. People of one country or society are becoming familiar with the culture of another country or society. With the help of internet the people who have knowledge got their position in the society. At present online shopping has become very popular. People are buying products from their home with the help of the internet. People buy products at low cost from the internet as compare to market because companies can save money of shops and workers in online shopping. United state based company Amazon. com is the best example of online shopping company. People can find each and every thing at lower cost on this website. In recent years some companies have allowed their employees to work at home with the help of internet because workplace has become very stressful and the pollution also increased in some last years. This is very advantageous because a person can save money and time by working from home. The Internet provides freedom of speech. The people who don’t have courage can convey their ideas with the help of internet without any fear. With the help of internet now people are globally connected. A person can communicate with the person of other part of the word at any time through internet. Now people are connected socially and professionally by the use of internet. Internet is very suitable and affordable medium of communication. Today we can place an order just by click a button. Now we can book hotels, flights and train tickets online. Internet made the communication easy. Now we can communicate with the help of e-mail, video conferencing, instant messaging, and Voice over Internet Proxy (VoIP). People can easily get information with the help of internet because there is a very huge database on the internet related with each object. People are finding jobs with the help of internet. We can submit many forms online, which saves time. On internet we can decide that which news or information we want to read. Internet is also playing an important role in the field of entertainment. We can play many games and solve puzzles. Songs can be listened online and we can watch videos on internet. There are some bad effects also, because of the internet on the society. Pornography is a very bad effect of the internet. Sexual material is easily available on internet and society is accepting this material without hesitation. Because of this interest of the people in sex is increasing day by day. As a result, sex-related crimes are increasing continuously. Because of the internet a lot of jobs have been lost, because a small number of people are required to run a site. Because of the online shopping people do not leave their home. This is a reason behind the many diseases such as obesity. Online shopping is not helpful for the local economy because most of these online shopping sites are international. Internet is not always reliable, because there is a risk of breaking the privacy. There is everything is in the form of binary information. On internet we are dependent on others for our privacy. We can not surely protect our information. With the help of data mining our information can be theft. Copyright problem has become a great problem now days. Identity of a person can be theft with the help of internet. There are many other bad effects of the internet such as meeting with the people whom you met online, giving personal information to a complete stranger, giving wrong information. A person can be easily cheated by the internet. Many terrorists are using internet technology for communication by using a wrong address. Child pornography, credit card frauds, espionage, online stalking, kidnappings are some other bad effects of the internet on the society. Now it can be said that it depends on us how internet affects society. Internet can be proved very useful if we use it in a positive direction. Many laws are made for preventing internet crimes, but these crimes are still there. There is a need of enforcement of these laws. Internet can be very useful for the society. It is the best medium of communication and it can be said a good platform for expressing your ideas. There are a lot of changes in the society because of the internet. Internet enhanced the status of the living. Today information and education about the safe use of computer has become very important. There are many disadvantages of the internet, but I think it has really improved our lives.There is a need of education and enforcement of the laws. References Cole J. I. The Impact of the Internet on Our Social,Political and Economic Life. The UCCLA Center for communication Policy. 2000. Cuizon, G. Internet Crime: How Does It Affect Our Society?. April 15, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2009 from http://www. socyberty. com/Crime/Internet-Crime-How-Does-It-Affect-Our-Society. 109754 Nie, N. Study of social Consequences of the Internet. Stanford Institute of the Quantitative Study of Society (SIQSS). 2000. Pros and cons of the Internet in todays society. Retrieved February 24, 2009 from http://www. helium. com/items/779510-pros-and-cons-of-the-internet-in-todays-society Purdy, R. The Internet- Boon or Detriment to Society? Retrieved February 24, 2009 from http://iml. jou. ufl. edu/projects/STUDENTS/Purdy/INDEX. HTM Rajani, M. K. Chandio, M. S. Use of Internet and its effects on our Society. Retrieved February 24, 2009 from http://www. szabist. edu. pk/ncet2004/Docs/Session%20VIII%20Paper%20No%202%20(P%20157-161). pdf The Internets Effect on Society. November 19, 2001. Retrieved February 24, 2009 from http://www. bbc. co. uk/dna/h2g2/A650684

The Shoe Carnival :: essays research papers

The Shoe Carnival Character List: Whitley (Cashier) Raymond (Floor Supervisor) Jessica (Floor Supervisor) Brett (Sales Associate) Karen (Loss Prevention) Shoplifter(female) Customer #1 Police Officer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Extra Customers in store Setting: The Shoe Carnival is a retail store where this scene takes place. It is approximately 7 p.m. and one of the employee’s, Whitley is returning to work after a brief break. Just as she is approaching the entrance to the store she notices the flashing police lights and a crowd of spectators. She also notices Raymond the Floor Supervisor standing at the door. Employees are wearing lime green shirts and kaki pants; Shoplifter and customers are wearing regular street clothes and the police officer is in uniform. Whitley:† Raymond, what’s going on?† Raymond: â€Å"That lady just tried to steal some shoes and she got caught!† Whitley:† Are you serious? I miss everything! Why did I have to go on break?† Raymond: â€Å"Ha, Ha!† (Chuckle) (Jamie and Jessica are in the â€Å"mike stand† and Karen is on the steps.) Jamie: â€Å"Whitley you missed it girl!† Jessica: †Ha Ha, we caught her and now she looks like a fool!† Whitley: Where is she? Karen: â€Å"She’s in the back office with the police.† (Karen leaves and goes to the office, and Brett walks up toward us.) Brett: â€Å"Man! I did a great job holding that big lady down!† (Raymond over hears this conversation and comes over) Raymond: â€Å"Brett, if I remember correctly, you were standing behind the shelf the whole time while I held the lady down.† Brett: (Loudly) â€Å" Dude! Whatever! I don’t know what you’re talking about!† (Everyone laughs at both Raymond and Brett as they continue to argue) Jessica: â€Å"Whitley that man is ready to check out†. (Begrudgingly, Whitley slowly walked up to the register where Customer #1 was patiently waiting). Whitley: â€Å"Hello Sir, how are you doing? Did you find everything you were looking for? Would you like any socks or shoe cleaner?† Customer #1: â€Å"No thank you, this is fine.† Hey what’s going on?† Whitley: â€Å"Oh nothing, this lady just tried to steal some shoes. We caught her and called the police.† Customer #1: â€Å"That is crazy. People these days will do anything.† (Whitley rings up the customer’s purchase and soon returns to the mike stand).

Teaching - Igniting the Spark in our Learning Community Essay -- Colle

Teaching - Igniting the Spark in our Learning Community I tend to be a talker. I can keep up a good bit of conversation for much longer than my schedule usually allows. The gift of gab is a quality I have learned to apply in numerous different realms, and I intend for it to lead a flow of information in my classroom. The best thing about being a talker is that at any given moment, I am usually armed with half a dozen different ways to say the same thing. I love being able to talk with someone who is having trouble understanding something, and spin the information to him or her in a new way that they can understand. Being able to successfully convey information to someone who has been confused is remarkable to me. So, with my gift, I have been exchanging ideas and information with every community I participate in, from Rock Climbing and Boy Scouts, to Drama and Classrooms. I have found a niche as a teacher able to converse with students in a variety of formats, which affords me the opportunity to participate in the passing of infor mation, and to view its flow into knowledge. Since I was endowed with such an abundance of speech, I have taken a strong interest in language, and the numerous ways that it can be used to convey a variety of information. I feel that each student in my education community should be guided toward their highest goals. Every student that walks in the door has the ability to discover a field that interests him/her, and to develop knowledge in that field. It is my job as a teacher to foster each student’s interests, and provide them with the appropriate tools of language that will allow them to succeed in any field, and thus meet their goals. This is quite easier said than done. I truly ... ...d content can keep learning interesting, and personal for each of my students. Each format will be identified as a tool of language, because information is useless for students if they don’t have a clear guide for applying it. In this WAC-type manner students will be guided to experience how important language is in every field. I believe my conversational ability will help establish this type of a classroom community. This community will benefit from a variety of activities that can illustrate the importance, and numerous uses of our language in any field my students show an interest in. I can spark others in our learning community with my interest in the abilities of language through my conversational skills, that interest can play an integral part in the achievement of the goals of everyone involved with the community at one time or another.

Effects of Plagiarism

Julia Fleming-Emery PRPE A108 P12 March 31st 2013 Cause and Effect Effects Of Plagiarism Plagiarism is the theft of credit for creating a document of information. It not only happens in schools but can also happen in the work area. Plagiarism is an act of academic dishonesty and most schools and university’s explain the consequences it can result it. Plagiarizing has many effects that are not only in schools. Plagiarizing can result in jail time, fines, and expulsion from a school or universities. Plagiarizing an essay or paper can result in jail time.Most cases with plagiarism are considered misdemeanors and can be punishable by fines. But, likewise you can serve up to a year in jail. Plagiarism is considered a felony under certain states and laws. There are many different forms of plagiarism If someone were to write a book using someone else’s material, ended up selling the material and making money depending on the amount of money earned the fine can be bigger and co uld result in more jail time. For example, if someone were to write a book that contained a different authors research, they could face a horrendous amount of fines and up to ten years in jail.Along with jail time you can end up paying a substantial amount of money in fines for Plagiarism. A misdemeanor you can end up paying upwards from $100 to $50,000. A felony can face up to $250,000 depending on the material. If the material makes more than $2,500 in profit then it can be considered a felony. Fines with plagiarizing all depend on the material that’s written depending on the amount of money that is made from selling what was wrote or published. Plagiarism is a serious offense no one wants to pay the fines that are brought upon it.I think the reason people plagiarize is because its easier and they are simply just to lazy to do the work themselves. I myself would not want the consequences that are brought upon plagiarism. Plagiarizing cannot only result in legal action but c an result in expulsion from schools and universities. Schools take plagiarism as a serious academic dishonesty. Along with expulsion from school students who are guilty of plagiarism face a failing grade in the course of which they committed the offense. College students can face losing their degree depending on the discovery of the offense.Expulsion from plagiarizing can ruin a student’s life and could have long-term effects on the student’s life. Students take the easy way out when they plagiarize and they get a good grade from it. In conclusion plagiarism can lead to jail time, fines and expulsion from schools or universities. Universities, schools and states take plagiarism seriously. Plagiarism has many effects that can follow you through your lifetime. Plagiarism is illegal and everyone should take the matter serious. If the work is hard instead of copying and pasting ask some around you for help.

Culturally Poetic

Culturally Poetic Cultural identity is the collective personality of a people usually associated with a certain group or culture, or that of an individual in relation to certain behavior, thoughts, and influences. (Central Michigan University) These beliefs and shared characteristics allow a group to establish a common ground and in turn make them unique to others. A cultural identity may be national, ethnic, or even generational. Our identity is based upon our differences when compared to other groups. Cultural identity is essentially defined by differences rather than likenesses to others. The identifiable aspects of culture are historical, linguistic, and mental. These three factors may also be found in poetry and are related to the views that an author wishes to express. In my essay, I will seek to identify elements of culture in the following poems: â€Å"Bully†, â€Å"What it’s Like to Be a Black Girl†, â€Å"Self-Pity’s Closet†, â€Å"Rite of Passage†, and â€Å"The Panther†, In Martin Espada’s poem, â€Å"Bully† cultural identity is evident throughout the length of the poem. The poem is introduced by way of location, the time period, and the year, â€Å"In the school auditorium / the Theodore Roosevelt statue / is nostalgic for the Spanish American War† (713). The poet themes seemingly focus on change within American society. This theme is noticeably identifiable in the following stanza: But now the Roosevelt school is pronounced Hernandez. Puerto Rico has invaded Roosevelt with its army of Spanish-singing children in the hallways, brown children devouring the stockpiles of the cafeteria, children painting Taino ancestors that leap naked across murals. 714) Espada effectively provides contrast between Roosevelt’s belief of ethnocentrism and the invasion of the Spanish colonies by comparing the immigration of Puerto Rican families in a 1987 Boston, Massachusetts. At the poem’s ending we are able to envision a revenge of sorts with the children now invading Roosevelt himself. The following stanza is irony at its best and brings the ele ment of culture and change to the forefront, Roosevelt is surrounded by all the faces he ever shoved in eugenic spite and cursed as mongrels, skin of one race, hair and cheekbones of another. (714) This bit of irony is representative of the fact that change once experienced on the island of Puerto Rico now too is prevalent within America. Roosevelt is declared the â€Å"bully† by his conquest and those that were once without power are now empowered through change and assimilation. This poem uses historical factors to establish a cultural identity. Patricia Smith’s, â€Å"What it’s Like to Be a Black Girl† (for Those of You Who Aren’t) approaches the idea of a black girl becoming a woman at a time when race matters were still prevalent. The author begins with a direct but conversation like tone to denote the importance of what is being imparted: First of all, it’s being 9 years old and/ feeling like you’re not finished, like your edges are wild, like there’s something, everything, wrong†¦(672) The theme here is puberty based changes that takes place according to a â€Å"black girl. † The girl feels incomplete because her body is experiencing changes. Smith goes on to describe the girl’s desire to fit into society by wanting to have the physical traits of a white woman. The young girl is displeased with being black and seeks to change her appearance: †¦it’s dropping food coloring In your eyes to make them blue and suffering Their burn in silence. It’s popping a bleached White mophead over the kinks of your hair and primping in front of the mirrors that deny your reflection†¦(672) She goes on to describe the Black Power Movement and the Motown era by mentioning â€Å"it’s flame and fists and life according to Motown. † As a blossoming young girl approaching womanhood she finds it not only difficult to become a woman, but a black woman. Finally, the girl looks forward to every woman’s dream of becoming a bride. This is evidenced in the final three lines: â€Å"it’s finally having a man reach out for you/then caving in/around his fingers. The girl anticipates a completed transition when she will become married. This poem uses mental aspects to form cultural identity during a time or racial tension. Michelle Boisseau’s, â€Å"Self-Pity’s Closet† focuses on the way that society views beauty, self-image, and self-confidence. Boisseau uses figurative speech, imagery, and perceived sounds throughout the poem to bring light to a poor self image. The theme of this poem is equated to as the poem states self-pity. What seemingly appears as others judging us blinds us to the fact that we judge ourselves far worse than others would. The closet so to speak is within the individual feelings of: â€Å"Depression, loneliness, anger, shame, envy† (999) are the basis of self-pity. Feelings of self-loathing and self-hurt are evident in the following lines: after your vast and painful declarations subtle humiliations creeping up like the smell of wet upholstery, dial tone in the brain, the conviction that your friends never really loved you†¦(1000) The author seeks to express an inner fight a person struggles with when worried about the way others perceive them. The narrator uses the words, â€Å"dial tone in the brain† to describe a continuous mode of embarrassment within herself. She is unable to part with a feeling of inadequacy and is therefore trapped by her very own self pity. This poem uses mental aspects by associating self-pity with not being able to identify with the status quo of our cultural identity. In Sharon Olds’s, â€Å"Rite of Passage† a mother examines the behavior of her son and his friend during his birthday party. The title of the poem allows the reader to relate the â€Å"rite of passage† being the journey that her son will take toward manhood. Male maturity is the theme of the poem. What makes the poem ironic is her ability to view them as men though they are but six and seven years old. The following lines are quite imaginable to any mother noticing the machismo nature of young boys: As the guests arrive at my son’s party they gather in the living room— short men, men in first grade with smooth jaws and chins. Hands in pockets, they stand around jostling, jockeying for place, small fights breaking out and calming. One says to another How old are you? Six. I’m seven. So? (811) In the last line we experience a typical conversation between two boys that are likely â€Å"sizing† each other up; the six year old responds to the seven year old â€Å"So? The mother then goes onto visualizing the boys as men with careers by stating, â€Å"They clear their/throats a lot, a room of small bankers/they fold their arms and frown†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One cannot help but to envision the boys as men at a table matching wits at an older age. The birthday boy as if chairman of the bank settles the dispute between his friends in the following lines: â€Å"speaks up as a host/for the sake of the group. /We could easily kill a two-year old,/he says in his clear voice. † The group agrees and the children return to playing or as the mother describes, â€Å"†¦they relax and get down to playing war, celebrating my son’s life. Just as Smith’s â€Å"What it’s Like to Be a Black Girl† focused on a girl approaching maturity so did Olds’ â€Å"Rite of Passage. † Olds uses mature language and terms to equate the behavior expressed by the boys as being their way of coming into manhood. The boys feel a need to intimidate each other with physical threats which showcases their immaturity on their way to adulthood. This poem identifies with the culturally defined behavior of a male having to prove he is a â€Å"man. † In Rainier Rilke’s poem â€Å"The Panther† the poet uses the panther a wild animal to express personification and similes to express confinement. An obvious reason for the panther being the subject is because its color represents a seemingly dark nature and contributes to the poem’s tone. A panther is also known to be a solitary creature that stakes out its prey. The use of the panther represents a theme of entrapment that most readers are able to identify with. The panther’s discontentment and longing to be free from his troubles is expressed as the cage’s bars. He has become so accustomed to seeing the bars that he no longer sees anything but what appears directly in front of him it is as if he has lost himself. The panther’s desperation in a sense mirrors human personality. Rilke’s offers her interpretation of this poetically by saying, His vision, from the constantly passing bars, has grown so weary that it cannot hold anything else. It seems to him there are a thousand bars and behind the bars, no world. (674) Rilke’s makes us aware that although the panther is confined we are still able to see its power and its beauty. Though caged he is still himself though he feels â€Å"paralyzed† by the cage; this feeling is interpreted in the following lines, â€Å"As he paces in cramped circles, over and over/the movement of his powerful soft strides/is like a ritual dance around a center/in which a mighty will stands paralyzed. The idea of confinement is relatable to a prisoner or anyone trapped in a situation with seemingly no way out. The panther yearns for more and this is evidenced by his pacing and boredom with his life. In the end the panther has lost his soul and his excitement is reduced to the opening of his eyes ever so slightly . It seems that the panther takes his final glance that touches him inwardly to the point his body becomes tense and his heart is excited for a split second until he realizes his situation and no longer bothers to react. This idea is well expressed in the final stanza. Only at times, the curtain of the pupils lifts, quietly—. An image enters in, rushes down through the tensed, arrested muscles, plunges into the heart and is gone. Rilke in â€Å"The Panther† and Boisseau in her â€Å"Self-Pity’s Closet† both convey the message of an inner struggle within their subjects. The poems are able to speak to the reader on a personal level and make the connection of human emotion with their dark but personal nature. â€Å"The Panther† embodied a feeling of weariness and surrender that human often time encounter in not one but within all societies and cultures. Often times we find ourselves staying within the box or the status quo instead of stepping outside of the box-in this case the cage. In comparison, the five poems that I have chosen to review are full of impact and take on a deeper meaning. They touch on outward appearances as well as inner feelings. They were all able to bring out identifiable aspects that we are all able to connect with through either personal or secondary experiences. In contrast, â€Å"Bully† came from a historical standpoint, while â€Å"What it’s Like to Be a Black Girl† and â€Å"Rite of Passage† focused on what is accepted by society. Lastly, â€Å"Self-Pity’s Closet† and â€Å"The Panther† dealt with inner struggles and the way that we tend to view ourselves when we take an inner look. Works Cited Central Michigan University. Cultural Identity as an Instrument. 8 May 2006. 3 November 2009 . Boisseau, Michelle. â€Å"Self Pity's Closet. † Mayer, Michael. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2009. 999-1000. Espada, Martin. â€Å"Bully. Mayer, Michael. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2009. 713-714. Olds, Sharon. â€Å"Rite of Passage. † Mayer, Michael. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2009. 811-812. Rilke, Rainier Maria. â€Å"The Panther. † Mayer, Michael. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2009. 674. Smith, Patricia. â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl. † Mayer, Michael. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literat ure. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2009. 672-73

Interpersonal Conflict in Film American Beauty Essay

Site 1 Conflict Management Style This activity will help you determine your natural style for dealing with conflict. It is useful to assess your predominant conflict management style(s) because we all tend to prefer one or two of the styles and at times may apply them inappropriately. Read the information available from the DSP Training Resources site in lesson 8.6. 1.What animal symbolizes your method for dealing with conflict? (name) (5 points). The Collaborating Owl Write a description of your conflict management style? Discuss three reasons why this method of dealing with conflict is negative or positive? Owls use a collaborating or problem confronting conflict management style valuing their goals and relationships. A. Owls is positive when peer conflict is involved, both sides get what they want and negative feelings eliminated. B. when trying to gain commitment through consensus building, both sides gets what they want and negative feelings eliminated. C. when learning and trying to merge differing perspectives, both sides gets what they want and negative feelings eliminated. Conflict Resolution Role-Play Script Directions: Please read and select a case scenario, which can be located in lesson 8.6. Using the steps for conflict resolution, find a solution for one of the  problems located on the activity page for this lesson. Note: You will need to devise a role-play or script for the scenario, using each one the six steps listed below. This script is a dialogue; remember a dialogue is a conversation between two people. For example:1. Mutually agree on the time and place to discuss a serious issue. â€Å"Hey John, meet me in the library so we can discuss what happened today in class.†2. Use an â€Å"I† Statement†¦.â€Å"I feel angry when you†¦..etc.Select one of the scenarios by referring to the presentation on the lesson page of the course.| Write your answers below: 1.Mutually agree on the time and place to discuss a serious issue. (10 points) â€Å"Hey Brianna, meet me at 12:00 a.m. in the cafeteria so we can discuss what happened in class today. 2.Use an â€Å"I† statement to express your feelings, identify the unwanted behavior and work toward resolution. (10 points) I feel angry when you are mean to me. The unwanted behavior is â€Å"angry† 3.Give equal time for both sides to be heard. INCLUDE BOTH SIDES OF THE CONVERSATION. (10 points) Talk about how each of you has contributed to the problem. Remember to use active listening skills. â€Å"What I think I hear you saying is you are getting burned out and you would like to have a life outside of school.’ â€Å"Correct me if I am wrong but aren’t you saying is all you do is things related to work.† Mirror their words â€Å"So, as I see it you will like a life outside of school â€Å"You feel that all you do is things related to school† â€Å"As I get it, you feel that you don’t have time to yourself.† â€Å"I can see you are feeling you don’t have time to yourself† 4.Brainstorm ways to resolve the conflict. (List at least two ways.) (10 points) 1. Agree on the rules of discussion before you begin; stick to the rules. 2. Remain on the topic; don’t bring up past hurts. 5.Discuss possible solutions. (List at least two solutions.) (10 points) 1. Give equal time for both sides to be heard. 2.Listen to each other; the feelings being expressed are real 3.Agree on one solution and then try it. (10 points) Share ideas and reach a solution that is mutually agreeable to each person.

Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Case - Essay Example The action the farmer took to detain him while calling and waiting for the sheriff does not qualify the case to be classified under false imprisonment. The farmer detained the plaintiff in order to go and call the sheriff who was to act as a judge in this particular situation hence no false imprisonment. The law applied in this scenario is the tort law of false imprisonment. This law protects personal interests when it comes to freedom against restraint of movement. According to this tort, the plaintiff must be confined consciously and within boundaries. For it to however qualify as a false imprisonment, force must have been used and improper assertion of legal authority (Statsky 51). This case is similar to that of Herbst because in both cases, the detention of the plaintiffs was done as an effort to enable the defendant call the authority to solve the case prior to the detention of the plaintiffs. Before the detention, the plaintiffs in both cases were informed of the reason for the detention and what action was to be taken. In both cases also, the plaintiffs had invaded private property without announcing themselves first and without any permission hence according to the law, they were trespassing and therefore deserved to be detained by the owners of the properties pending further legal action by law enforcers (Statsky 52). The case is however different from that of Dupler. This is because Dupler had been given prior warning of the decision she was going to make after being relieved of the duties at the firm. She had been given a dichotomous answer and the refusal to resign led her to be sacked (Statsky 50). It is also different in that her detainers were her former boss and workmates and not strangers and she had not trespassed any property like the situation with the above mentioned two cases. Unlike the other two scenarios before, Dupler had been

Comic spirit- new comedy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comic spirit- new comedy - Essay Example This influenced later comedy till the present day, â€Å"from Romans to Shakespeare to the West End and Broadway† (Perks 76). Roman playwrights Plautus and Terence employed ‘New Comedy’ in their work, as did Shakespeare in his Comedy of Errors. ‘New Comedy’ deals with a transfer of power from the older to the younger generation. In Terence’s The Self-Tormentor, Machiavelli’s La Mandragola, and Stephen Sondheim’s A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, male sexuality and virility are central to the comic plot, and there is a focus on the power shift. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the shift in power from the older to the younger generation in ‘New Comedy’ portrayed in the Self-Tormentor, La Mandragola, and A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum. How these plays exploit male sexuality for comic purposes will be identified, and why male sexuality plays such a key role in the ‘New Comedy’ form will be examined. In Terence’s Heauton Timoroumenos (The Self-Tormentor) which was derived from Menander’s play of the same name, a wealthy youth Clinia develops a long-term, monogamous liaison with the young woman Antiphila, as evident from the following line, â€Å"almost now that he has her in the place of a wife† [prope iam ut pro uxorehaeret] (Rosivach 61). When Clinia’s father hears about the affair, he rebukes his son so strongly for his irresponsible actions, that the young man leaves Athens to become a mercenary serving a foreign king. His determination to make something of himself, echoes his father’s pursuit of success in his own youth (Rosivach 61). But, after compelling his son Clinia in love with Antiphila to go to the war area, the stern father Menedemus repents for his harshness, and torments himself mentally. Terence’s humour â€Å"arises from the

Economic Reform of China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economic Reform of China - Essay Example This leads to economic growth of 10% annually. By adopting a mixed economy China is leading successfully. The Government of china has retain strong control over investments and allowed a limited private competition. This results in removing the deficiencies of capitalism and communism. Those countries which follow free trade and non liberal path, dominates the economy like China. The China's success proof is its GDP statistics. Since 1978, the GDP has been double digits. However this progress has lead to number of challenges China is facing nowadays. These are financial crisis world wide, incompetent banking system, over reliance on exports, inflationary pressures, widening income inequalities etc. In order to create a harmonious society, China Government has to over come these issues. Furthermore trade and foreign investment plays a dramatic role in this revolution. The trade of goods has double so far. Large trade surplus, direct flow of foreign investments and heavy purchases of foreign currency makes China the biggest foreign currency reservoir holder. Two factors contributed tremendously to the growth of economy in China. One is Heavy Capital investment either by domestic savings or by foreign investments. And second factor is quick yield growth. This revolution leads higher effectiveness which improves the output. The result is increased resources for extra investments in the economy. Moreover China has a higher rate of saving, as most Chinese has saved a lot by producing profit from State owned enterprises. As a result savings as percentage to GDP has raised tremendously upto 50% which is highest rate in the world. Another factor which plays a major role in this revolution in China is Productivity gains. The enhancement in output is because of allocation of resources to the productive uses specially trade, services and agriculture sectors. The government authorities were allowed to establish various enterprises on market rules. Direct Foreign Investments with its new technologies boosted the economy as well. DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENTS IN CHINA: The major factor for China's economic growth is Direct Foreign Investments. China's FDI usage has expanded from $636 million to $75 billion by the end of 2007.Manufacturing is the major part of the economy where larger portion of FDI are utilized. Almost 55% of total FDI is consumed up for manufacturing which leads 610,000 companies to flourish and almost 28 million people will be engaged by these firms. CHINA TRADE PATTERNS: China becomes the trading power in result of economic revolution. Chinese exports were $1218 billion by the end of 2007 and its imports were $956 billions. China has grown dramatically during past years with average annual growth rate is 29%. Imports over this

Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Answer questions - Essay Example 3. The foreign policies issues Mr.Obama is facing have created atrophy in foreign policy something that has affected his domestic agenda. The President is being punched abroad as well as at home and the world at times seems as if it is falling apart, with the President not able to fix it. Due to a mixture of a few considerable missteps, situations beyond his power, unreasonable expectations as well as maddeningly weak conduct, Obama has exposed himself to criticism which he is not expressing a strong ,overarching outline for exercising American power ;Obama has also not been able to twist totalitarian leaders to America’s will. 4.In case they control the Senate, the GOP have lined up an agenda which comprises of authorisation of the Keystone XL oil pipe, approval of â€Å"fast-track† trade authority, repeal of medical tax as well as wiping out proposed environmental regulations. 5.Republicans are planning to attract women voters by attacking the claim by democratic that GOP policies usually do not promote women fairness as well as honestly dealing with any disagreement regarding abortion before they move on to other issues they may be

Cruise Inc., Big Money on The High Seas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cruise Inc., Big Money on The High Seas - Essay Example These portions mainly includes, casino, bar, shopping mall, art auction and the speciality restaurants. After the sales of bookings, these parts of the cruise help NCL to generate the desired amount of revenue. However, the initial revenue generator is the most important part to increase productivity for NCL because if the cruise has on-board passengers then it will acquire the opportunity to sell its services on better prices. NCL does stresses its focus upon the profitability and losses in terms of finance but the productivity of NCL cannot entirely be measured on the basis of its financial profits and losses. The biggest reason for this is risks which are involved in the cruising business in which a single normal challenge like rain or liquor shortage can cost significant losses to NCL. In these regards the productivity which is significantly important for NCL is not entirely measured in terms of total profits made. It incorporates the season, profits and losses, customer response s to service and most importantly the overall sales from each section of the journey. Question 2 The major target population for NCL is the middle economic class. The biggest reason for this is the severe economic crisis which every individual and state is going through. In fulfilling its aim to seek the attention of middle economic class, range of bookings and services packages varies from significantly reasonable and affordable prices to immensely elevated and high prices. Despite of prices, the service package which is provided by NCL to its customers is highly sufficient and captivating for consumers. The service package mainly includes resort, shopping mall, a total of eleven restaurants which varies in several distinct food styles, live entertainment shows of professional standards, along with a casino and a bar. These services are offered to customers while travelling in the cruise. However, the service package of NCL also includes its stop at a town where numerous entertainm ent activities delight all of consumers with specialty food. Lastly, NCL is the only cruise liner which owns a private island for the betterment of its service and for successfully thrives in the industry against its giant competitors. The service package provided by NCL to customers also includes a day at this privately owned island which is entirely designed to elevate the cruising experience of its customers in terms of quality. Question 3 In the steadily growing cruising industry, there are three major competitors which strive to thrive more efficiently into the business of cruising. Among the three well known corporations, fifty percent of the market in the cruising industry is captured under the giant cruising corporation called Carnival Corporation. It is followed by another cruising giant, Royal Caribbean Cruises which is dominating on the rest of thirty percent of cruising market. The remaining twenty percent of industry’s market is owned by NCL that signifies the im portance of competition for NCL to survive in the industry. For NCL, the competitive priorities are entirely based on the expansion of its cruising business by acquiring more customers to consume the services provided by this corporation. To attract consumers is the one of the most important segment because these consumers are the main source of profit for any cruising company. If more consumers will be acquired

Learning and education Essay Example for Free

Learning and education Essay Learning and education are some of the most prized assets any person could have. Many parents consider these assets to be the primary treasure which they can give to their children to face the challenges of the future. However, there are some instances in which education becomes unreachable due to some hindrances like learning disabilities. It may become a concern not only for the individual but for the family as well.   Fortunately there are still some available steps in order to combat the possible dilemmas learning disabilities might bring.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the part of Tony, it seems that he is not really that ready enough to become a part of the larger scope of education structure. He used to have a separated domain of learning which highlighted his interests to accommodate knowledge. The one-on-one teaching method provided by Ms. Brumbley became the most comfortable realm for Tony to achieve success. However, in order to develop more, he needs to take a few more steps of the education ladder. In middle school and beyond, school works are more complex and require more diligence in following directions. Add to that the extremely dynamic social nature of the class where students will tend to stabilize their roles and projections towards other members of the society. Because of such factors, Tony may have a hard time adjusting to the situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to accommodate Tony to perform his ultimate best, what can be done is to at least set some modifications in the classroom. First is to introduce the basic foundations of new lessons for discussion. For example, a lesson in Math can first take a course of simple arithmetic to fraction computations. This may seem too easy relative for the whole class but exampling to them the importance of the strong math foundation will not impose an obvious aspect that the procedure is intended for Tony to refresh what he has previously learned. It is also possible to provide Tony a separate customized textbook and assignments so that he can gradually adjust to the lessons involved in middle school education. This approach is not intended for a long term basis so that he can actually progress to entertain newer and more complex lessons in middle school subjects. Lastly, as a concerned teacher, he will be provided with at least an hour of academic assistance everyday after class. A consultation form of conversation is best for him so that he could provide any feedback about the class procedures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to support the standing of Tony in middle school through high school, coordinating with his other teachers would be the best practice to do. This will help the whole learning sector to have a single approach in fulfilling the special needs of Tony. Even if after he has completed the year level in a particular class, a complete coordination between his previous teachers and the ones who will be handling him should be initiated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Basing on some studies and personal observations, individuals like Tony do not simply experience learning problems. The nearest dilemma apart from education concerns is the social interaction aspect of the person. Primarily, if one is not able to acquire the supposedly pace of learning rates in education, then most probably there will be a certain problem within his core interactive capabilities. Of course, it was noted that he exemplifies a certain degree of fondness in dealing with people in a comical way but deep inside, Tony might also have some concerns in having an interaction with people in a serious manner. If he will realize his disadvantages over the people he will constantly interact with, he might experience a sense of inferiority or discrimination. Compassionate encouragement and kindness can minimize the inferiority factor this dilemma might induce (Kentucky Education Cabinet).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Helping the students to explore their capabilities is one way to nurture their personalities. But for individuals who have a relative disadvantage in learning, utmost assistance and care is needed beyond teaching. References Kentucky Education Cabinet. N.D. Learning Disabilities. Kentucky.gov. Retrieved February 4, 2008 from http://ada.ky.gov/learning_dis_def.htm.

Radiographic Modalities in Detecting Suspected Child Abuse

Radiographic Modalities in Detecting Suspected Child Abuse The actions individuals take against a child in order to inflict emotional or physical harm are, unfortunately, limited only by the imagination. Child abuse has been formally defined as the shaking, punching, battering, hitting, poisoning, scalding or burning, suffocating or drowning a child and/or otherwise participating in actions that lead to the child’s physical harm (Safeguarding Children 2006). As of the last several years, the definition of child abuse has also integrated the failure to prevent harm to a child (Safeguarding Children 2006). In 1946 paediatric radiologist John Caffey first utilised radiographic images in the diagnosis of child abuse when fractures of the long bones were accompanied by subdural hematomas (Longman, Baker Boos 2003). In 1962 Kempe et al. (as cited by Longman, Baker Boos 2003) offered the term battered child syndrome to describe injuries seen in children consistent with patterns of abuse, with skeletal anomalies the most common injuries seen in this syndrome. For example, bone fractures are seen in upwards of 55% of abuse cases (Longman, Baker Boos 2003). As current research indicates (Freeman 2005; Zimmerman Bilaniuk 1994), the radiographer is often the first healthcare provider that child sees who is in a position to suspect or determine the presence of a non-accident injury (NAI). Davis (2005) points out the radiographer sees the child undressed and is in a position to notice strap marks and other bruising indicative of child abuse while seeking to identify other areas of trauma throu gh the radiographic examination; thus noticing unusual bruising or other inappropriate bodily marks on the patient can help establish a pattern of abuse in conjunction with the radiologic findings of trauma. While Silverman (1987) states that radiography can be used to determine both nature of injury producing force as well as time of injury caution is also advocated as other issues that radiography classically is used to identify can be confused with child abuse, such as the radiologic evidence of scurvy, osteogenesus imperfect, self-sustained injury and infantile cortical hyperostosis. Child abuse statistics Longerman, Baker and Boos (2003) relate staggering statistics for child abuse. In the US alone during 2000, 1,200 children were fatally injured in episodes of child abuse, For example one to two children are fatally abused by a parent or other caregiver on a weekly basis (Safeguarding Children 2006). Norris (2001) states that upwards of 27% of cases presented as unintentional injuries were actually due to incidents of child abuse. Child abuse related fatalities among children less than 1 year of age constitute 41 44% of reported cases of abuse or neglect (Offiah 2003’ Longerman, Baker Boos 2003). Radiographer responsibilities by law The law is quite explicit regarding the role of the radiographer in cases of suspected child abuse. For example, the Children’s Act of 1989, Section 27 explicitly requires each healthcare provider to perform any and all examinations requested by other healthcare professionals or legal authorities when cases present with suspected child mistreatment or abuse (Aspinell 2006; Freeman 2005). As an adjunct to the 1989 Act, with specific regard to healthcare professionals, The Children Act of 2004 mandates an added responsibility beyond individual practice guidelines when working with an abused child or suspecting mistreatment, and requires that healthcare practitioners work together to share information as appropriate and cooperate in such a way as to offer the best treatment for the child (Aspinell 2006; Davis 2006). Additional guidelines on the radiographer’s role in cases of suspected child abuse are readily available (Freeman 2005). However, whether law or not, ultimately, the radiographer has legal, professional and personal responsibilities in detecting cases of suspected child abuse and has many imaging modality options. Stover (1986) tells us specifically that radiographic examinations can help the identification of the injury, mechanism of trauma such as shaking, twisting, traction of a limb or direct blow. Additionally and more importantly, the radiographic examination can identify prior injury and determine evidence of healing processes; all of which are paramount in situations of suspected child abuse, mistreatment or endangerment (Stover 1986). Therefore, this essay will review the range of radiographic imaging modality options available when child abuse is suspected. It is considered beyond the scope of this essay to discuss the legal roles and responsibilities of the radiographer in cases of suspected child abuse and as such, information relating to this will be explicitly excluded beyond those acts and guidelines highlighted above. Similarly, it is considered beyond the scope to discuss radiographic diagnostics in relation to imaging technologies. The remainder of this essay will focus strictly on imaging modalities. Standard radiographic x-ray Kirks (1983) believes that standard radiographic x-ray (SXR) imaging is appropriate for injuries associated with skeletal fractures, pneumoperitoneum, gastric dilatation or injury to the pulmonary parenchyml, which are common in cases of child abuse. Researchers tell us that skeletal examinations are particularly relevant in cases were non-accidental injury (NAI) is suspected (Gutanunga, Evans Harrison 2007, Johnson 2007; Summerfield et al. 2007; Offiah 2003) and is the strongest radiologic based indicators that child abuse or mistreatment has taken place (Diagnostic imaging 1991). In particular, Alexander and Kleinman (1996) believe that in children less than 2 years of age presenting with injuries consistent with child abuse the skeletal survey is critical. Parks (2002 as cited by Imaging suspected NAI 2002) tells us that although the most appropriate in cases of suspected NAI, the skeletal survey is one of â€Å"the most difficult examinations to perform† given general reluctance of the small child to submit to the examination, the emotionally charged scenario surrounding the skeletal survey request and the frequent urgency required. The skeletal survey typically consists of the following images: AP/PA chest, oblique v iew of the ribs, lateral skull survey in an older child, AP pelvis/femora, AP tibia/fibula, AP humeria, AP forearms, DP/AP hands, Half axial/Townes skull projection, AP 20 degrees skull projection and lateral skill projection in younger children, lateral spine and DP of the feet (Parks 2002 as cited by Imaging suspected NAI 2002). In order to minimise radiation exposure to the developing tissues of young children, special paediatric imaging systems have been modernised to use special cassettes, films and intensification screens (Diagnostic imaging 1991). In children older than five years of age, Alexander and Kleinman (1996) tell us the skeletal survey is virtually of no use when screening for injuries, but clinical indicators should dictate whether or not such a radiographic examination is performed. A newer radiographic adjunct to skeletal surveys is the bone scintigraphy, also referred to as radionucleotide scintigraphy (Conway et al. 1993; Howard, Barron Smith 1990), advocated by current research as a complementary procedure to the skeletal survey rather than a replacement when NAI and child abuse are suspected (Mandelstam et al., 2003). Mandelstam et al. (2003) documented the ability to detect bony anomalies that evade traditional radiographic skeletal images. For example, 20% of those studied by Mandelstam et al. (2003) reported normal skeletal surveys; however injuries were evident upon bone scintigraphy. This example evidences the increased sensitivity of the bone scintigraphy noted by Conway et al. (1993), creating an advantage in assessing soft tissue injuries in addition to trauma to bone structures. Apgar (1997) stresses SXRs can be of paramount importance for assessing potential child abuse or mistreatment through the imaging of hands and feet to assess for fractures . In particular, Apgar (1997) tells us that bone scans and skeletal surveys that focus on an oblique view of the hand or foot combine to document fractures in the hands and feet through evidencing healing at multiple stages as well as identifying fractures from bending or twisting a limb or digit rather than inflicting a direct blow. Alexander and Kleinman (1996) believe the skeletal survey should not be used as a primary diagnostic modality, but should be used in conjunction with SXRs. Generally a GP or primary care physician will request a skeletal survey be performed when child abuse is suspected to assess current and age of prior injuries. CT Scan Non-accidental head injuries (NAHI) are the leading cause of death or neurological dysfunction seen in infants (Jaspan et al. 2003). Researchers agree CT scans are the ideal radiographic modality to assess paediatric head trauma from which to evaluate injury and/or family circumstances that might lead to NAIH conclusions indicative of child abuse or mistreatment (Jaspan et al. 2003; Hymel et al. 1997; Alexander Kleinman 1996). Fell (2007) tells us CT is recommended over standard SXR as SXR are known to delay diagnosis; however SXR in a triage setting when CT is not available when coupled with patient observation is still an option. Stover (1986) believes that a head CT should be considered mandatory for incidents of paediatric head trauma. Unfortunately, as Jaspan et al. (2003) indicate, there are no uniformly agreed upon protocols for radiographic imaging of NAHI. Additionally, Alexander and Kleinman (1996) believe that CT scans without the use of an MRI may underestimate the exten t of injury sustained, for example, MRIs can image subdural hematomas, which according to Alexander and Kleinman (1996) may be â€Å"the only objective imaging evidence of child abuse.† CT scans are also appropriate for other areas. For example, one of the common sites for visceral abuse injuries is the abdomen (Kirks 1983). For blunt trauma injuries to the abdomen, particular for assessing the spleen, kidney or liver, Kirks (1983) believes the CT scan is most appropriate. Albanese et al. (1996) stress the importance of CT scans for blunt abdominal trauma as well, focusing on the modality’s use with contrast media. Serial examinations are considered the â€Å"gold standard† for perforations of the paediatric GI tract due to blunt force trauma (Albanese et al. 1996). However, Kirk (1983) adds that nuclear scintigraphy is appropriate for cases isolated to the liver or spleen alone. MRI The use of MRI’s in cases of suspected child abuse or mistreatment are many, with cervical spine MRIs cited by Feldman et al. (1997) as able to detect previously unsuspected damage to the spinal cord from child abuse in cases of head trauma. Feldman et al. (1997) demonstrated that frequently radiographic examination will show subdural haemorrhages or subarachnoid haemorrhages in the cervical spine level. Although considered a type of MRI modality, Whole-body turbo STIR MR imaging that is based on MRI technology â€Å"with turbo short tau inversion recovery tissue excitation† (Kavanagh, Smith Eustace 2003) is a non-ionizing high-resolution modality that allows for the detection of occult disease states. Stranzinger et al. (2007) advocates the whole body STIR MR imaging as an alternative to skeletal survey radiographic examinations, particularly as a mechanism of avoiding radiation exposure to growing and developing tissues of the child as well as the increased/enhanced modality sensitivity. For example, Stranzinger et al. (2007) found multiple rib fractures in a patient were evident on the STIR MR imaging and definitely suggested child abuse occurred whereas conventional radiographic images only allowed for partial recognition of the fractures and were inconclusive. Diffuse-weighted imaging (DWI) has also been highlighted by current research as superior in detecting post abuse NAIH, particularly when there were posterior aspects of the brain (Suh et al. 2001). DWI has demonstrated effectivity in enhancing traditional MRI use, particularly in its ability to assess trauma severity (Suh et al. 2001). Ultrasound Kirks (1983) believes that visceral abuse trauma for such issues as retroperitoneal hematoma, ultrasound radiography is the most appropriate modality. Stover (1986) states ultrasound imaging should be used in order to exclude visceral lesions in the case of paediatric head trauma. Barthel et al. (2000) found ultrasound to be the most reliable radiographic imaging modality for detecting and diagnosing simple fractures, although compound fractures and fractures of adjacent bone were still better identified and assessed through SXR. Particularly in infants where bone is more cartilaginous, ultrasound has been found a superior modality for assessing fractures in cases of suspected child abuse and/or mistreatment especially as it saves the child from exposure to ionising radiation (Barthel et al. 2000). When assessing ultrasound efficacy for fracture identification in the distal forearm, noted as the most common fracture site in children, Barthel et al. (2000) demonstrated an 89.4% positi ve correlation, with a 94.4% correct ultrasound fracture diagnosis noted in femoral fractures. Additionally, Barthel et al. (2000) note that ultrasound is an excellent radiographic modality to assess stress fractures missed by SXR. While each of the modalities above have been advocated by individual researchers as preferred methods as outlined, Offiah (2003) advocates the use of multiple imaging modalities in order to provide cross-sectional imaging, especially in cases of suspected abuse that result in the need for neurological assessments. In conclusion, Alexander and Kleinman (1996) tell us radiographic imaging may offer the first indication of child abuse. Child protection is a personal and professional responsibility for the radiographer. This essay highlighted the staggering figures of how frequently child abuse is perpetrated. It was also noted that failure to act on suspected abuse is also considered child abuse and endangerment; such that all Trust employees have the responsibility to ensure children are kept safe (Safeguarding our children 2006). This includes being as aware of all imaging modalities appropriate for the detection of suspected child abuse when warranted as opposed to relying on radiography strictly as a static imaging modality. For example, Zimmerman and Bilaniuk (1994) state that in paediatric head trauma, the radiographer has CT and MRI imaging technology available among others, however, based on the radiographer’s knowledge of the type of injury, age of the child and how the trauma occ urred, the appropriate imaging modality or combination of modalities can best identify injury and whether child abuse is a factor. References Albanese, CT, Meza, MP, Gardner, MJ, Smith, SD, Rowe, MI Lynch, JM. 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